European Cars

European marques and the models we cover. Jump to a make, or pick a model to read its full history.

Models

• Abarth Fiat-Abarth 595

  The original Scorpion — a tuned Fiat 500 that became Abarth's defining icon, with just 594 cc wringing astonishing performance from Italy's people's car.

  Microcar · 1963–1971

• Abarth Autobianchi A112 Abarth

  One of Europe's first true hot hatches — a Fiat-family minicar turned sporting icon, arriving five years before the Golf GTI.

  Subcompact car · 1971–1986

• Abarth Fiat 124 Abarth Rally

  A homologation spider that won the European Rally Championship twice and proved Abarth's motorsport mastery.

  Sports car · 1972–1975

• Abarth Fiat 131 Abarth

  Abarth's greatest rally weapon — three WRC Constructors' titles and two Drivers' championships between 1977 and 1980.

  Rally car · 1976–1981

• Abarth Grande Punto Abarth

  The first model of Abarth's 2007 revival — a 155 hp hot Fiat Grande Punto that re-established the Scorpion badge on a road car.

  Subcompact car · 2007–2010

• Abarth Abarth 500 / 595 / 695

  The modern Scorpion — a turbocharged hot Fiat 500 in 500, 595, and 695 forms that made Abarth a genuine volume performance brand again.

  Subcompact car · 2008–present

• Abarth Abarth 124 Spider

  A turbocharged rear-drive roadster sharing the Mazda MX-5 platform — Abarth's purist sports car with Italian flair and a rorty exhaust.

  Sports car · 2016–2019

• Abarth Abarth 500e

  Abarth's first all-electric car — a 155 hp battery-electric hot 500 with 235 Nm instant torque and a synthetic 'sound' mode.

  Subcompact car · 2023–present

• Adler Trumpf

  Adler's innovative front-wheel-drive compact of the 1930s — a Le Mans finisher with Paul Jaray streamlined coachwork.

  Compact car · 1932–1938

• Adler Trumpf Junior

  An affordable front-wheel-drive small car that brought Adler's FWD technology to the mass market — one of Germany's longest-running 1930s compacts.

  Economy car · 1934–1941

• Adler Standard 6

  The first Continental European car with hydraulic brakes — and the car that carried Clärenore Stinnes on her 1927–1929 world circumnavigation.

  Full-size car · 1927–1934

• Adler Standard 8

  Adler's short-lived eight-cylinder flagship — a 3.9-litre straight-eight for the upper end of the Weimar Republic market.

  Luxury car · 1928–1933

• Adler Favorit

  A mid-range rear-drive four-cylinder saloon that bridged Adler's large Standards and its forthcoming small FWD cars.

  Mid-size car · 1929–1934

• Adler Diplomat

  A 1930s six-cylinder luxury saloon with Ambi-Budd and Karmann coachwork options, Adler's prestige rear-drive car of the mid-decade.

  Full-size car · 1934–1938

• Adler 2.5 Litre

  Adler's final pre-war car — a 2.5-litre six-cylinder with an aerodynamic Paul Jaray body capable of 125 km/h.

  Full-size car · 1937–1940

• Aero Type 10 (Aero 500)

  Aero's debut car — a 494 cc single-cylinder two-stroke three-seater offered as roadster, cabriolet, and coupé; 1,358 built.

  Microcar · 1929–1932

• Aero Type 18 (Aero 662)

  Aero's 660 cc two-cylinder follow-on — 18 bhp, four-wheel brakes, and a top speed of 90 km/h; 2,615 built.

  Economy car · 1931–1934

• Aero Type 20 (Aero 1000)

  Near-litre twin-cylinder Aero nicknamed 'pike of the highway' — 998 cc, 24–26 bhp, approximately 2,546 built.

  Economy car · 1932–1934

• Aero Type 30

  Aero's most successful model — front-wheel drive, all-independent suspension, 998 cc twin two-stroke; over 8,000 built including a post-war run.

  Economy car · 1934–1947

• Aero Type 50

  Aero's largest and most powerful car — a 1997 cc four-cylinder two-stroke FWD machine reaching 130 km/h; 1,205 built.

  Sports car · 1936–1942

• Aixam 325 D

  Aixam's first production quadricycle (1984) — a compact two-seater powered by a Lombardini diesel, setting the template for every Aixam that followed.

  Microcar · 1984–1997

• Aixam 400 D

  The bigger, faster sibling to the 325 D — a 400 cc Kubota-powered quadricycle that could reach 75 km/h and required only a basic licence.

  Microcar · 1985–1997

• Aixam 400 / 500

  Aixam's modernised mid-generation range — the Revolution (1997) and Evolution (2000) updates brought fresh styling and Kubota Z402 diesel power to the core two-seat quadricycle.

  Microcar · 1997–2008

• Aixam Crossline

  Aixam's largest and tallest model — an SUV-styled quadricycle first shown at the 2006 Paris Motor Show that has remained in continuous production.

  Microcar · 2006–present

• Aixam City

  Aixam's core urban quadricycle since 2008 — a compact two-seater offered in diesel and electric form, updated across the Sensation and Emotion ranges.

  Microcar · 2008–present

• Aixam Scouty

  Aixam's rugged, open-top quadricycle (2005–c.2013) — a removable hardtop, raised suspension, and off-road styling distinguished it from the urban City.

  Microcar · 2005–2013

• Aixam Coupé

  Aixam's style-led two-seat quadricycle with a fastback roofline — unveiled in 2012, offered in diesel and electric (e-Coupé GTI) forms.

  Microcar · 2012–present

• Aixam Minauto

  Aixam's value entry range (2017–2026) — Access, GT, and Cross variants offered the licence-free quadricycle formula at the lowest price point, succeeded by the Easy range.

  Microcar · 2017–2026

• Alfa Romeo Giulia (105 series)

  Alfa's iconic twin-cam sports sedan — unveiled at Monza in 1962, with a Cd of 0.34 and a 1.6-litre engine that redefined the compact executive class.

  Compact car · 1962–1978

• Alfa Romeo Spider (Series 1–4 / 105 series)

  Alfa's long-running Pininfarina roadster — the 'Graduate' Spider that ran from 1966 to 1994 in four distinct series.

  Roadster · 1966–1994

• Alfa Romeo 164

  Alfa's Pininfarina-designed front-drive executive sedan — the last Alfa sold in the US until 2008, ending American sales after the 1995 model year.

  Executive car · 1987–1998

• Alfa Romeo GTV / Spider (916 series)

  Alfa's wedgy Pininfarina coupé and roadster of the 1990s — front-drive despite the sports-car looks, and a cult favourite thirty years on.

  Sports car · 1994–2004

• Alfa Romeo 156

  The car that revived Alfa Romeo's image in the late 1990s — 1998 European Car of the Year, styled by Walter de'Silva.

  Compact executive car · 1997–2007

• Alfa Romeo 147

  Alfa's small family hatchback — 2001 European Car of the Year, and home of the feisty GTA performance variant.

  Compact car · 2001–2010

• Alfa Romeo 159

  The Giugiaro-designed 156 successor — premium aspirations on the GM/Fiat Premium platform, sharing underpinnings with the Brera.

  Compact executive car · 2005–2011

• Alfa Romeo Brera

  Alfa's Giugiaro-designed 2+2 grand tourer — a striking coupé companion to the 159, never sold in the US.

  Sports car · 2005–2010

• Alfa Romeo Giulietta (940 series)

  Alfa's five-door hatchback revival of the beloved Giulietta name — over 469,000 built across a ten-year run.

  Compact car · 2010–2020

• Alfa Romeo 8C Competizione

  Alfa's hand-built V8 supercar — 500 coupés and 329 Spiders, with a Ferrari-assembled 4.7-litre V8, marking Alfa's brief US return in 2008.

  Sports car · 2007–2010

• Alfa Romeo 4C

  A mid-engined, carbon-fibre-tub sports car — Alfa's halo model and the brand's full US re-entry vehicle for 2014.

  Sports car · 2013–2020

• Alfa Romeo Giulia (952 series)

  Alfa's rear-drive compact sedan revival — the Quadrifoglio's 503-hp twin-turbo V6 won Motor Trend Car of the Year 2018.

  Compact executive car · 2016–present

• Alfa Romeo Stelvio

  Alfa's first production SUV — the Quadrifoglio's Nürburgring-record-setting 503-hp V6 variant proved an Italian sport SUV could lead the class.

  Compact SUV · 2017–present

• Alfa Romeo Tonale

  Alfa's first hybrid SUV — a plug-in-hybrid compact crossover launched in 2022, named after a mountain pass in northern Italy.

  Compact SUV · 2022–present

• Alpine A106

  Alpine's founding model — a 251-unit, Renault 4CV-based fiberglass coupé that launched the Dieppe marque in 1955.

  Sports car · 1955–1960

• Alpine A108

  The A106's successor, based on the Renault Dauphine, offered as a cabriolet and berlinette coupé.

  Sports car · 1958–1965

• Alpine A110 Berlinette

  Alpine's legendary rally-winning coupé — first World Rally Champion in 1973 and the definitive Berlinette.

  Sports car · 1963–1977

• Alpine A310

  The A110's larger successor — a mid-engined grand tourer that gained a V6 in 1976 to rival the Porsche 911.

  Sports car · 1971–1984

• Alpine GTA / A610

  Alpine's last pre-revival model — the aerodynamic GTA and its refined A610 successor, ending production in 1995.

  Sports car · 1985–1995

• Alpine A110

  Alpine's celebrated revival sports car — a lightweight mid-engine coupé that recaptured the Berlinette spirit for the modern era.

  Sports car · 2017–present

• Alpine A290

  Alpine's first production EV — a high-performance electric hot hatch on the Renault CMF-B EV platform.

  Electric hot hatch · 2025–present

• Alpina B7 Turbo

  Alpina's first complete car — a twin-turbocharged E12 5 Series that was the world's fastest sedan at its 1978 debut.

  Sports sedan · 1978–1982

• Alpina B3

  Alpina's 3 Series-based cornerstone — a refined, high-output compact spanning six generations from the E30 to the current G20.

  Compact executive car · 1987–present

• Alpina B4

  Alpina's 4 Series-based grand tourer — a twin-turbo coupe and Gran Coupé spanning two generations (F32, 2014–2019; G26, 2022–2025).

  Grand tourer · 2014–2025

• Alpina B5

  Alpina's 5 Series flagship — three generations (E60, F10, G30) of turbocharged V8 sport sedans and Tourings that blended autobahn pace with long-distance comfort.

  Executive car · 2005–2024

• Alpina B6

  Alpina's twin-turbo V8 grand tourer across two 6 Series generations — E63 coupé/convertible (2005–2010) and F12/F06 coupé/convertible/Gran Coupé (2011–2019).

  Grand tourer · 2005–2019

• Alpina B7

  Alpina's 7 Series-based flagship — three generations of supercharged/twin-turbo V8 luxury sedans, ending after nearly two decades as the ultimate 7 Series interpretation.

  Full-size luxury car · 2004–2022

• Alpina B8 Gran Coupé

  Alpina's 8 Series-based four-door grand tourer — a 612 hp twin-turbo V8 fastback succeeding the B6, launched for the 2022 model year.

  Grand tourer · 2022–2026

• Alpina XB7

  Alpina's first SUV — an X7-based seven-seat luxury performance truck assembled at BMW's Spartanburg plant, sold out every year since launch.

  Full-size luxury SUV · 2021–present

• Alpina D3

  Alpina's diesel 3 Series — successive generations of bi-turbo and tri-turbo diesel inline-six cars delivering strong low-rev performance in sedan and Touring form.

  Compact executive car · 2005–2024

• Alpina D5

  Alpina's diesel 5 Series — bi-turbo and tri-turbo diesel inline-six performance sedans and Tourings across F10 and G30 generations.

  Executive car · 2011–2024

• Amilcar CC / C4 / CS

  Amilcar's founding cyclecar family — a nimble 903 cc two-seater that launched the marque and sold widely across Europe.

  Cyclecar / Sports car · 1921–1926

• Amilcar CGS / CGSS Grand Sport

  The 1074 cc 'Grand Sport' — the car that made Amilcar famous, featuring four-wheel brakes and a top speed of 120 km/h (75 mph).

  Sports car · 1924–1929

• Amilcar M-Type

  Amilcar's 1,200 cc light touring car of the late 1920s — a gentler, more practical direction for the marque as the cyclecar era ended.

  Light touring car · 1928–1935

• Amilcar Pégase

  A Delahaye-engined 2-litre touring car that kept Amilcar alive through the mid-1930s while the Compound was being developed.

  Touring car · 1934–1937

• Amilcar Compound (B38)

  A technically groundbreaking front-wheel-drive monocoque saloon — Amilcar's final, most advanced car, cut short by World War II.

  Saloon · 1937–1940

• Apollo Apollo (Gumpert era)

  The original twin-turbo Audi V8 supercar that lapped the Top Gear test track faster than a Bugatti Veyron — gullwing doors, carbon fiber body, race-car-in-the-road-car philosophy.

  Sports car · 2005–2012

• Apollo Intensa Emozione

  A naturally aspirated 6.3-liter V12 hypercar limited to 10 examples — Apollo's uncompromising return to extreme, analog track performance priced at $2.7 million.

  Sports car · 2019–2020

• Apollo Project EVO

  A track-only, V12 successor to the Intensa Emozione — 10 units, a skeletonized carbon body, and 789 hp of naturally aspirated fury.

  Sports car · 2022–present

• ARO M461

  ARO's founding 4x4 family — from a Soviet-licensed IMS-57 in 1957 to the fully Romanian-designed M461 that exported 46,000 units worldwide by 1975.

  Off-road vehicle · 1957–1975

• ARO ARO 24 Series

  ARO's long-running flagship 4x4 (1972–2006) — available in cabriolet, hard-top, pick-up, and 7-seat variants, and built under licence in Portugal, Spain, and Brazil.

  Off-road SUV · 1972–2006

• ARO ARO 10 Series

  ARO's compact 4x4 (1980–2006) — sold in the UK as the 'Dacia Duster,' sharing Dacia 1300 running gear and offered in cabriolet, hard-top, and pick-up forms.

  Compact off-road vehicle · 1980–2006

• ATS 2500 GT

  One of the world's first mid-engine GT road cars — a 2.5-litre V8 coupe by Franco Scaglione, with only 12 chassis built.

  Sports car · 1963–1965

• ATS Tipo 100

  ATS's single-season Formula One entry — a 1.5-litre V8 spaceframe car raced by Phil Hill and Giancarlo Baghetti in 1963.

  Formula One racing car · 1963–1963

• Audi Audi 100

  The sedan that relaunched Audi in 1968 — a range of mid-size cars that evolved through four generations before giving way to the A6.

  Mid-size car · 1968–1994

• Audi Audi 80

  Audi's long-running compact executive — a five-generation premium alternative to the mainstream Golf/Passat that became the A4.

  Compact car · 1972–1996

• Audi Quattro (Ur-Quattro)

  The original quattro coupe (1980–1991) — a turbocharged AWD pioneer that rewrote rally history and gave Audi its defining technology.

  Sports car · 1980–1991

• Audi A3

  Audi's premium compact — launched in 1996 to bring Audi into the Golf-class market, now the brand's best-selling model.

  Compact car · 1996–present

• Audi A4

  Audi's core executive sedan — five generations from 1994 to 2025, the benchmark compact luxury car.

  Compact executive car · 1994–2025

• Audi A5

  Audi's compact executive coupe, cabriolet, and Sportback — launched 2007 on the A4 platform, now the successor nameplate to the A4.

  Compact executive car · 2007–present

• Audi A6

  Audi's executive sedan, successor to the Audi 100 — five-plus generations from 1994, including the acclaimed RS6 Avant.

  Executive car · 1994–present

• Audi A8

  Audi's aluminium-bodied flagship — the first mass-production car with an aluminium space frame, a rival to the S-Class and 7 Series since 1994.

  Full-size luxury car · 1994–present

• Audi TT

  Audi's iconic compact sports car — three generations of the design-led TT coupe and roadster, from 1998 to a production end in 2023.

  Sports car · 1998–2023

• Audi R8

  Audi's mid-engine V10 supercar — two generations from 2006 to 2024, widely regarded as one of the great everyday supercars.

  Sports car · 2006–2024

• Audi Q5

  Audi's compact luxury crossover — unveiled at Beijing 2008, now in its third generation and the brand's best-selling SUV.

  Compact SUV · 2008–present

• Audi Q7

  Audi's first SUV — a large three-row luxury crossover since 2006, now in its second generation.

  Mid-size SUV · 2006–present

• Audi Q8

  Audi's flagship coupe-SUV — a fastback four-door rival to the BMW X6 and Mercedes GLE Coupe, launched in 2018.

  Mid-size SUV · 2018–present

• Audi e-tron / Q8 e-tron

  Audi's first mass-production EV (2019) — a full-size electric SUV launched as 'e-tron', renamed Q8 e-tron, produced to 2025.

  Electric SUV · 2019–2025

• Audi e-tron GT

  Audi's electric four-door performance grand tourer — a stunning fastback on the Porsche Taycan platform, launched in 2021.

  Electric car · 2021–present

• Aurus Senat

  Russia's presidential state car — a 590 hp hybrid V8 full-sizer that debuted at Putin's 2018 inauguration and entered limited civilian production in 2021.

  Full-size luxury car · 2018–present

• Aurus Komendant

  Aurus's flagship luxury SUV — a 598 hp hybrid V8 behemoth named after the Komendantskaya Tower of the Moscow Kremlin, with serial production starting November 2022.

  Full-size SUV · 2022–present

• Aurus Arsenal

  Aurus's armoured presidential minivan — purpose-built for motorcade security details, produced in very limited numbers at NAMI's Moscow facility.

  Minivan · 2018–present

• Autobianchi Bianchina

  Autobianchi's upscale Fiat 500-based city car (1957–1970) — offered as a cabriolet, saloon, estate, and van to affluent Italian buyers.

  City car · 1957–1970

• Autobianchi Stellina

  Italy's first production car with a fibreglass body (1963–1965) — a two-seat spider on the Fiat 600D chassis, with only 502 units built.

  Roadster · 1963–1965

• Autobianchi Primula

  The transverse-engine front-wheel-drive pioneer (1964–1970) whose drivetrain layout became the universal template for modern front-wheel-drive cars.

  Compact car · 1964–1970

• Autobianchi A111

  Autobianchi's sole foray into the small family car class (1969–1972) — a front-wheel-drive four-door saloon of which 56,984 were built.

  Small family car · 1969–1972

• Autobianchi A112

  Europe's first modern three-door supermini hatchback (1969–1986) — and the birthplace of the hot hatch through the A112 Abarth, with over 1.25 million built.

  Supermini · 1969–1986

• Autobianchi Y10

  Autobianchi's final model (1985–1995) — an aerodynamic supermini that introduced the FIRE engine and sold as the Lancia Y10 outside Italy, with around 667,000 built in its first seven years.

  Supermini · 1985–1995

• Auto Union Grand Prix Cars (Types A–D)

  The radical mid-engine Silver Arrow Grand Prix cars — supercharged V16 and V12 machines that won the 1936 European Championship with Bernd Rosemeyer.

  Racing car · 1934–1939

• Auto Union DKW 3=6 (Sonderklasse)

  Auto Union's post-war comeback compact — a front-wheel-drive, two-stroke three-cylinder that the '3=6' name claimed equalled a six-cylinder four-stroke.

  Compact car · 1953–1959

• Auto Union Auto Union 1000

  The car that bore the Auto Union name on its flanks — a front-wheel-drive two-stroke saloon produced in Düsseldorf that sold over 170,000 units.

  Compact car · 1958–1963

• Auto Union Auto Union 1000 Sp

  A stylish two-seater coupe and roadster — Auto Union's only dedicated sports car, built by coachbuilder Baur and nicknamed the 'baby Thunderbird.'

  Sports car · 1958–1965

• Auto Union DKW Munga

  Auto Union's all-wheel-drive military utility vehicle — a Bundeswehr workhorse built for over a decade at Ingolstadt, with around 46,750 produced.

  Off-road vehicle · 1956–1968

• Auto Union DKW F102

  The last car to wear a DKW badge — a modern unibody compact whose platform was reborn as the first post-war Audi when Volkswagen revived the dormant marque.

  Compact car · 1964–1966

• Berliet Early Berliet (1899–1902)

  Marius Berliet's first cars — single- then twin-cylinder voiturettes built in a small Lyon workshop before the company moved to the Audibert & Lavirotte plant.

  Veteran car · 1899–1902

• Berliet Pre-War Four- and Six-Cylinder Range (1902–1914)

  A broad pre-WWI range from 8 CV to 60 CV — honeycomb-radiatored fours and a massive 9.5-litre six — that established Berliet as a serious French manufacturer.

  Touring car · 1902–1914

• Berliet Type VB

  Berliet's ill-fated post-WWI mass-market car — a copy of the 1916 Dodge that suffered from inferior French steel and bankrupted the company in 1921.

  Touring car · 1919–1921

• Berliet 1920s Range (Type VI / VRC / VK and six-cylinders)

  Berliet's post-bankruptcy recovery range — new overhead-valve fours from 7 CV to 18 CV and two new six-cylinder models introduced from 1927.

  Touring car · 1924–1932

• Berliet Dauphine 11CV

  Berliet's last passenger car — a modern 1,990 cc family saloon with independent front suspension, produced in Lyon from 1934 until war ended car production in 1939.

  Family car · 1934–1939

• Bertone Alfa Romeo BAT Series

  Three radical aerodynamic Alfa Romeo concept cars (BAT 5, 7, 9) designed by Franco Scaglione — a breakthrough in low-drag automotive form.

  Concept car · 1953–1955

• Bertone Alfa Romeo Giulietta / Giulia Sprint Speciale

  A curvaceous, aerodynamically optimized Alfa Romeo coupe built by Bertone — the spiritual heir of the BAT series, produced 1959–1966.

  Sports car · 1959–1966

• Bertone Fiat 850 Spider

  A small open sports car designed by Giugiaro at Bertone and produced in large numbers — nearly 140,000 built, mostly exported to the US.

  Sports car · 1965–1973

• Bertone Fiat / Bertone X1/9

  A mid-engined, targa-top two-seater designed by Gandini for Fiat — then taken over and built by Bertone under its own name from 1982 to 1989.

  Sports car · 1972–1989

• Bertone Lamborghini Miura

  The car widely credited as the world's first supercar — a mid-engined V12 styled by Marcello Gandini at Bertone; 763 built, 1966–1973.

  Sports car · 1966–1973

• Bertone Lamborghini Espada

  Lamborghini's four-seat V12 GT designed by Gandini at Bertone — once the best-selling Lamborghini of all time; 1,217 built.

  Grand tourer · 1968–1978

• Bertone Lamborghini Countach

  The poster car of a generation — Gandini's wedge-shaped, scissor-door Lamborghini that defined the exotic supercar aesthetic of the 1970s and '80s; 1,983 built.

  Sports car · 1974–1990

• Bertone Lancia Stratos HF

  The first car purpose-built for rallying — a mid-engine wedge designed at Bertone that won three consecutive World Rally Championships for Lancia.

  Rally car · 1973–1978

• Bertone Volvo 262C

  A Bertone-built luxury coupe on the Volvo 264 platform — Volvo's halo car and a trans-Alpine collaboration; 6,622 built.

  Grand tourer · 1977–1981

• Bertone Bertone GB110

  Bertone's revival hypercar — a 1,100-hp, V10-powered limited-edition coupe marking the brand's 110th anniversary; 33 to be built.

  Sports car · 2022–present

• Bignan 25CV (Original)

  Bignan's debut car — a large-wheelbased four-cylinder tourer first shown at the Paris Motor Show in October 1919.

  Touring car · 1919–1922

• Bignan 11CV

  Bignan's defining model — a 2-litre four-cylinder sports car that scored third overall at the inaugural 1923 Le Mans 24 Hours in desmodromic-valve competition trim.

  Sports car · 1922–1931

• Bignan 14CV

  Bignan's final and most powerful model — a 2.5-litre S.C.A.P. straight-eight introduced at the 1928 Paris Motor Show.

  Touring car · 1928–1931

• Bizzarrini 5300 GT Strada

  Bizzarrini's flagship road-racing GT — a Bertone-styled, Chevrolet-powered two-seat coupé that won its class at Le Mans in 1965, with only 133 examples built.

  Sports car · 1964–1968

• Bizzarrini 1900 GT Europa

  Bizzarrini's 'baby' GT — a compact Opel-based coupé intended for volume production, with only 12–17 examples built before the company's 1969 bankruptcy.

  Sports car · 1966–1969

• Bizzarrini P538

  Bizzarrini's Le Mans Group 6 prototype — a featherweight rear-engined barchetta, built in just three examples, that attempted to challenge Ferrari and Ford at the 1966 24 Hours.

  Race car · 1966–1966

• Bizzarrini Giotto

  The revived Bizzarrini marque's first all-new car — a V12 mid-engine supercar designed by GFG Style (Giugiaro), powered by a Cosworth-developed 6.6-litre engine, revealed in 2023.

  Supercar · 2023–present

• BMW 3 Series

  BMW's compact sport sedan and the benchmark of its class since 1975 — home of the iconic M3.

  Compact executive car · 1975–present

  52 model years

• BMW 2002 (02 Series)

  The compact two-door that established BMW's sporting identity — direct ancestor of the 3 Series.

  Sport sedan · 1968–1976

• BMW 5 Series

  BMW's mid-size executive sedan since 1972 — the segment benchmark, and home of the M5 super-sedan.

  Executive car · 1972–present

• BMW 7 Series

  BMW's flagship luxury sedan since 1977 — the technology and V12 showcase atop the range.

  Full-size luxury car · 1977–present

• BMW 1 Series

  BMW's smallest hatchback/coupe line — rear-drive in early generations, later front-drive-based.

  Subcompact executive car · 2004–present

• BMW 2 Series

  The compact coupe that carried on the rear-drive small-BMW tradition — home of the M2.

  Subcompact executive car · 2014–present

• BMW 4 Series

  The two-door 3 Series spun off into its own line for 2014 — coupe, convertible, and home of the M4.

  Compact executive coupe · 2014–present

• BMW 6 Series

  BMW's large grand-touring coupe — the classic 'shark-nose' E24, revived for the 2000s and 2010s.

  Grand tourer · 1976–2018

• BMW 8 Series

  BMW's V12 grand-touring flagship coupe of the 1990s, revived in 2018 — home of the M8.

  Grand tourer · 1989–present

• BMW Z3

  BMW's 1990s roadster — the first BMW built solely in the US, famous from the James Bond film GoldenEye.

  Roadster · 1996–2002

• BMW Z4

  The Z3's successor — BMW's two-seat roadster across three generations, latterly shared with the Toyota Supra.

  Roadster · 2003–2026

• BMW Z8

  A limited-production retro roadster with a V8 — a 507-inspired halo car of the early 2000s.

  Roadster · 2000–2003

• BMW X5

  BMW's first SUV — the 'Sports Activity Vehicle' that launched the brand's hugely successful X line.

  Mid-size luxury SUV · 2000–present

• BMW X3

  BMW's compact SAV — the smaller, high-volume companion to the X5, later including the X3 M.

  Compact luxury SUV · 2004–present

• BMW X1

  BMW's entry-level crossover — rear-drive-based at first, later on a front-drive platform.

  Subcompact luxury SUV · 2013–present

• BMW X6

  The original 'coupe SUV' — a sloping-roof X5 that created a whole crossover sub-genre.

  Mid-size luxury SUV coupe · 2008–present

• BMW X7

  BMW's largest SUV — a three-row, full-size luxury flagship at the top of the X line.

  Full-size luxury SUV · 2019–present

• BMW i3

  BMW's pioneering carbon-fiber electric city car, with an optional range-extender engine.

  Subcompact electric car · 2014–2021

• BMW i8

  A futuristic plug-in-hybrid sports car with a carbon-fiber body and scissor doors.

  Plug-in hybrid sports car · 2014–2020

• BMW i4

  An all-electric Gran Coupe closely related to the 4 Series — including the performance i4 M50.

  Compact electric car · 2022–present

• BMW iX

  BMW's purpose-built electric SUV flagship — a technology showcase for the 'i' brand.

  Mid-size electric SUV · 2022–present

• Borgward Hansa 1500

  Borgward's post-war comeback model (1949–1954), widely regarded as the first all-new German car launched after World War II.

  Family car · 1949–1954

• Borgward Hansa 1800

  A larger-engined companion to the Hansa 1500, introduced in 1952 and available with a diesel option from 1953.

  Family car · 1952–1954

• Borgward Hansa 2400

  Borgward's flagship six-cylinder saloon (1952–1959), the largest and most prestigious car the Bremen firm ever offered before the P100.

  Luxury car · 1952–1959

• Borgward Isabella

  Borgward's most successful model (1954–1961) — an elegant 1.5-litre compact offered in sedan, coupé, convertible, and estate forms, with over 202,000 built.

  Compact car · 1954–1961

• Borgward Hansa 1500 RS

  Borgward's factory sports-racing car (1954–1958), notable for a technologically advanced 16-valve DOHC direct-injection engine years before such technology became mainstream.

  Racing car · 1954–1958

• Borgward P100

  Borgward's final flagship (1960–1961) — a 100 bhp six-cylinder saloon distinguished as the first German production car to offer self-levelling pneumatic suspension.

  Luxury car · 1960–1961

• Brabus Rocket

  Brabus's signature speed-record CLS — a 720–900 hp V12 or V8 twin-turbo that held the world street-legal sedan speed record at 365.7 km/h.

  Sports sedan · 2006–present

• Brabus Bullit

  A 730–800 hp V12 twin-turbo squeezed into a Mercedes C-Class body — debuted at IAA 2007 as the ultimate sleeper.

  Sports sedan · 2007–2012

• Brabus E V12

  Brabus's E-Class-based V12 super-sedan — the first production sedan to exceed 700 hp, capped by the 800 hp 'one of ten' at IAA 2009.

  Sports sedan · 2003–2009

• Brabus G Widestar

  Brabus's widebody G-Class line — a succession of 700–900 hp, 10 cm wider G-Wagens from the 2004 G V12 through the 800 and 900 Widestar.

  SUV · 2004–present

• Brabus Smart Fortwo Brabus

  Brabus's long-running Smart Fortwo edition — the tuner's most commercially successful product, selling over 50,000 units across three Smart generations.

  Microcar · 2003–2019

• Brennabor Brennaborette

  Brennabor's first series-production automobile — a Fafnir-engined three-wheeler that launched the marque's car-making career in 1908.

  Cyclecar · 1908–1912

• Brennabor Typ P

  The model that made Brennabor Germany's largest carmaker — a 2.1-litre four-cylinder tourer that sold 100 units a day at its peak in the early 1920s.

  Touring car · 1919–1927

• Brennabor Juwel 6

  Brennabor's six-cylinder flagship — a 45 hp, 2.46-litre tourer of which roughly 3,000 were built before the Depression shut down production.

  Touring car · 1929–1932

• Brennabor Juwel 8

  Brennabor's rare eight-cylinder flagship — a 60 hp, 3.4-litre sedan produced in only approximately 100 examples before the factory ceased car production.

  Touring car · 1930–1932

• Bugatti Type 13 (Brescia)

  Bugatti's first production car — a flyweight four-cylinder racer that swept the top four positions at the 1921 Brescia Grand Prix.

  Sports car · 1910–1926

• Bugatti Type 35

  The most successful racing car of its era — claiming roughly 2,500 victories, five consecutive Targa Florio wins, and the 1926 Grand Prix World Championship.

  Racing car · 1924–1930

• Bugatti Type 41 Royale

  The largest and most expensive car of the interwar era — six built, only three sold — powered by a 12.7-litre straight-eight engine.

  Luxury car · 1927–1933

• Bugatti Type 55

  A road-legal Grand Prix car — 38 built with Jean Bugatti's roadster body and a supercharged 2.3-litre engine from the Type 51 racer.

  Sports car · 1932–1935

• Bugatti Type 57

  Bugatti's prewar grand tourer masterpiece — 710 built, including the four legendary Type 57SC Atlantics; won Le Mans in 1937 and 1939.

  Grand tourer · 1934–1940

• Bugatti Type 101

  The last car of the original Bugatti family — seven chassis built from 1951, bodied by four coachbuilders, using the Type 57's proven 3.3-litre straight-eight.

  Grand tourer · 1951–1956

• Chenard-Walcker Type U Sport

  The overhead-cam 3-litre sports car that took a 1–2 finish at the inaugural 1923 Le Mans 24 Hours.

  Sports car · 1922–1927

• Chenard-Walcker Aigle

  Chenard-Walcker's last model family — an eagle-badged range from the spartan Aiglon four-cylinder up to the V8-powered Aigle 22.

  Sedan · 1933–1940

• Chenard-Walcker Type U

  The backbone touring-car line that put Chenard-Walcker in the top ten French manufacturers before and after the First World War.

  Touring car · 1913–1924

• Citroën Traction Avant

  The world's first mass-produced front-wheel-drive car with unibody construction — a 1934 engineering revolution that defined the modern automobile.

  Sedan · 1934–1957

• Citroën 2CV

  Citroën's people's car — an ultra-frugal air-cooled two-cylinder that mobilised postwar France and sold over nine million in 42 years.

  Microcar · 1948–1990

• Citroën DS

  The 'Goddess' — a 1955 Paris Motor Show sensation that pioneered hydropneumatic self-levelling suspension, disc brakes, and swivelling headlights, and remains one of the most influential cars ever made.

  Executive car · 1955–1975

• Citroën SM

  Citroën's Maserati-engined grand tourer — a 2+2 coupé that married a V6 from Maserati to Citroën's hydropneumatic suspension and DIRAVI power steering.

  Sports car · 1970–1975

• Citroën CX

  The DS successor — a slippery, hydropneumatic large saloon that won 1975 European Car of the Year and kept Citroën's flagship engineering tradition alive for 17 years.

  Executive car · 1974–1991

• Citroën BX

  Citroën's 1980s large family car — Bertone-styled, hydropneumatically suspended, and a massive sales success with over 2.3 million built.

  Large family car · 1982–1994

• Citroën XM

  Citroën's CX successor — a 1990 European Car of the Year with world-first electronically controlled 'Hydractive' hydropneumatic suspension.

  Executive car · 1989–2000

• Citroën C3

  Citroën's long-running supermini successor to the AX and Saxo — now in its fourth generation and offered as an affordable electric.

  Supermini · 2002–present

• Citroën C4

  Citroën's compact family hatchback — now in its third generation as a crossover-influenced hatch with a plug-in hybrid variant.

  Compact car · 2004–present

• Citroën C5

  The XM's successor — a large family saloon and estate produced across two generations from 2001 to 2017, before being succeeded by the crossover C5 X.

  Executive car · 2001–2017

• Citroën C5 X

  The reinvention of Citroën's flagship — a raised crossover-saloon combining SUV ground clearance, a fastback roofline, and plug-in hybrid power.

  Executive car · 2022–present

• Citroën Xsara Picasso

  Citroën's five-seat compact MPV — a tall, airy people-carrier that sold strongly across Europe for over a decade.

  Compact MPV · 1999–2012

• Citroën Berlingo

  Citroën's car-derived van and passenger MPV — a practical van-based people-carrier launched in 1996 and now in its third generation with electric variant.

  Compact MPV · 1996–present

• Citroën DS 3 (Citroën-badged)

  The stylish mini premium hatchback that launched Citroën's DS luxury sub-brand — sold as a Citroën DS 3 until DS Automobiles became independent in 2015.

  Supermini · 2010–2016

• Cisitalia D46

  The Fiat-based single-seat voiturette that launched Cisitalia — a featherweight monoposto raced by Nuvolari and Ascari.

  Racing car · 1946–1948

• Cisitalia 202

  One of the most celebrated car designs ever made — Pininfarina's flowing two-seat coupe that resides in MoMA's permanent collection.

  Sports car · 1947–1952

• Cisitalia 360 Grand Prix

  The visionary mid-engined, four-wheel-drive Grand Prix car designed by Ferry Porsche — a technical marvel that nearly bankrupted Cisitalia.

  Racing car · 1948–1949

• Cisitalia 505 DF

  A Ghia-bodied grand tourer on the Fiat 1900 chassis — Cisitalia's final road-car effort, with fewer than ten examples built.

  Grand tourer · 1953–1954

• Cupra Ateca

  The model that launched the standalone Cupra brand in 2018 — a 300-hp all-wheel-drive hot SUV built on the VW Group MQB platform.

  Compact SUV · 2018–2024

• Cupra Formentor

  Cupra's breakthrough model — the first car designed exclusively for the brand, named for a Mallorcan peninsula, and quickly becoming the brand's best-seller.

  Compact SUV · 2020–present

• Cupra León

  Cupra's hot hatch — the fourth-generation León under Cupra's own badge, available as a five-door hatchback and a Sportstourer estate.

  Compact car · 2020–present

• Cupra Born

  Cupra's first electric car — a VW Group MEB-platform hatchback named after the El Born neighbourhood of Barcelona.

  Compact car · 2021–present

• Cupra Tavascan

  Cupra's performance electric SUV-coupe — the brand's second EV and first model built outside Europe, produced in China on the MEB platform.

  Electric SUV · 2024–present

• Cupra Terramar

  The Ateca's successor — a compact SUV built alongside the new Audi Q3, offered with mild-hybrid and plug-in-hybrid powertrains as Cupra's last combustion-engined launch.

  Compact SUV · 2024–present

• Dacia 1100

  Dacia's first car — a licensed-built Renault 8 that launched Romania's domestic auto industry.

  Compact car · 1968–1972

• Dacia 1300 / 1310

  Romania's 'people's car' for 35 years — a Renault 12-based saloon that sold nearly two million units and became a communist-era icon.

  Compact car · 1969–2004

• Dacia Logan

  The car that reinvented Dacia — a €5,000 budget saloon launched in 2004 that became a global bestseller and showed Europe what value motoring could look like.

  Compact car · 2004–present

• Dacia Sandero

  Europe's best-selling retail car — a no-nonsense budget hatchback that has topped European private-sales charts every year since 2017.

  Subcompact car · 2008–present

• Dacia Duster

  The affordable SUV that changed Dacia's ambitions — Europe's most popular retail SUV since 2018, from a budget crossover into a genuine off-road option.

  Compact SUV · 2010–present

• Dacia Jogger

  Dacia's seven-seat family car — a long-wheelbase Logan-based MPV-wagon hybrid that replaced the Logan MCV, Lodgy, and Dokker in one practical package.

  Compact MPV · 2022–present

• Dacia Spring

  Europe's most affordable electric car — a compact battery-electric city crossover that put EV ownership within reach of budget buyers.

  Electric city car · 2021–present

• DAF DAF 600

  DAF's debut passenger car and the world's first production automobile with a continuously variable transmission — the belt-driven Variomatic.

  Microcar · 1959–1963

• DAF DAF Daffodil

  DAF's export-market Variomatic family car (1961–1967), sold in three successive sub-types — the 30, 31, and 32 — with Michelotti styling and a unique ability to reverse as fast as it went forward.

  Economy car · 1961–1967

• DAF DAF 33

  The affordable, air-cooled two-door that replaced the Daffodil name (1967–1974) — 131,618 built, widely used by Dutch government fleets and postal services.

  Economy car · 1967–1974

• DAF DAF 44

  DAF's first Michelotti-styled step upmarket (1966–1974), built at a new Born plant with an enlarged 844 cc twin — 167,902 produced.

  Economy car · 1966–1974

• DAF DAF 55

  DAF's first water-cooled car (1968–1972) — Renault's 1108 cc Cléon engine in a sharp Michelotti body, crowned by the rally-bred 55 Marathon.

  Economy car · 1968–1972

• DAF DAF 66

  DAF's last original model (1972–1975) — an evolved 55 with a larger 1.1 l Renault engine and an optional 1.3 l Marathon; production continued as the Volvo 66 until 1980.

  Economy car · 1972–1975

• Dallara Stradale

  Dallara's first road car — a 400 PS turbocharged barchetta with an interchangeable carbon body, limited to roughly 600 units.

  Sports car · 2017–present

• Darracq Voiturette / Single-Cylinder

  Darracq's breakthrough production car — a 6.5 hp single-cylinder light car designed by Paul Ribeyrolles that sold over 1,000 examples by September 1901.

  Voiturette · 1900–1903

• Darracq 200 HP V8 Racer

  The 25.4-litre V8 sprint car that set the world land-speed record in December 1905 — one of the earliest V8-engined automobiles ever built.

  Racing car · 1905–1906

• Darracq Flying Fifteen

  Alexandre Darracq's commercial masterpiece — a perfectly balanced 3-litre four-cylinder tourer on the first all-pressed-steel chassis, capturing roughly ten percent of the French automobile market.

  Touring car · 1904–1907

• Darracq 14–16 HP

  Darracq's mid-range four-cylinder tourer — best known as the platform for mass taxi service, including one-third of New York's cab fleet by 1907.

  Touring car · 1907–1912

• Darracq Clegg-Darracq 12 HP / 16 HP

  The Owen Clegg-designed recovery models that restored Darracq's reputation — reliable, conventional four-cylinder tourers that brought the factory to 60 cars a week by 1914.

  Touring car · 1913–1914

• De Dion-Bouton La Marquise

  The world's oldest running motor car — a four-seat dos-à-dos steam runabout that won Europe's first automobile race in 1887.

  Steam car · 1884–1884

• De Dion-Bouton Motor Tricycle

  The petrol-engined tricycle that made De Dion-Bouton famous worldwide — up to 40,000 engines exported and licensed to 150 manufacturers by 1904.

  Motor tricycle · 1895–1904

• De Dion-Bouton Vis-à-Vis (Model D)

  De Dion-Bouton's first four-wheel petrol car — a quirky rear-engined voiturette that passengers faced the driver.

  Voiturette · 1899–1903

• De Dion-Bouton Populaire

  De Dion-Bouton's first front-engined car — a conventional light voiturette that moved the engine forward and added a reverse gear.

  Voiturette · 1903–1905

• De Dion-Bouton Type S

  De Dion-Bouton's first two-cylinder model — a 1,728 cc 12 CV step up from the singles that opened the multi-cylinder era.

  Touring car · 1903–1905

• De Dion-Bouton Type AD

  The first four-cylinder De Dion-Bouton — 2,545 cc, 15 CV — that placed the brand in the growing medium-car touring segment.

  Touring car · 1904–1908

• De Dion-Bouton Type CJ V8

  The first successful mass-produced V8 engine in the world — 6,107 cc, 35 CV — whose design directly inspired the Cadillac V8 of 1914.

  Touring car · 1910–1923

• De Dion-Bouton Type LA

  De Dion-Bouton's final four-cylinder car — a 1,982 cc overhead-valve model that represented the struggling brand's last attempt at the mainstream market.

  Touring car · 1927–1932

• De Dion-Bouton Type LB

  De Dion-Bouton's final straight-eight — a 2,496 cc luxury car that grew to 3 litres but found almost no buyers at its high price.

  Touring car · 1927–1932

• Delage Type A

  Delage's first car — a De Dion-Bouton-powered voiturette that put the marque on the racing map from the very start.

  Voiturette · 1906–1910

• Delage DI / DIS / DISS

  Delage's best-selling pre-war model — a 2.1-litre four-cylinder tourer that sold over 10,700 examples and offered genuine performance at accessible prices.

  Touring car · 1923–1927

• Delage 15-S-8

  The supercharged straight-eight that swept the 1927 Grand Prix season and won Delage the title 'World Champion of Car Builders.'

  Grand Prix racing car · 1926–1927

• Delage D8

  Delage's magnificent straight-eight luxury range (1929–1940) — a coachbuilder's canvas owned by kings, emperors and film stars.

  Luxury car · 1929–1940

• Delage D6

  Delage's long-running six-cylinder touring car (1930–1953) — the marque's final production model and a Le Mans podium finisher.

  Luxury car · 1930–1953

• Delahaye Type 135

  Delahaye's most celebrated model — a coachbuilt grand tourer and outright Le Mans winner, produced from 1935 until the marque's closure in 1954.

  Grand tourer · 1935–1954

• Delahaye Type 145

  The "Million Franc" Grand Prix racer — a 4.5-litre V12 built to win a French government prize and beat the German factory teams, with only four ever built.

  Racing car · 1937–1939

• Delahaye Type 175 / 178 / 180

  Delahaye's ambitious postwar flagship — a 4.5-litre six on a semi-monocoque chassis, offered in three wheelbase lengths, with 107 cars built before persistent quality issues ended production.

  Luxury car · 1948–1951

• Delahaye Type 235

  Delahaye's final car — a modernised 135MS with full-width ponton styling, 84 examples built before the marque's closure in 1954.

  Grand tourer · 1951–1954

• Delahaye Type 134 / 134N

  Delahaye's four-cylinder touring car of the 1930s — a more accessible companion to the Type 135, with around 340 examples of the 134N built.

  Touring car · 1933–1940

• De Tomaso Vallelunga

  De Tomaso's first road-going production car — a tiny mid-engine Ford Cortina-powered coupé of which roughly 50–65 were built.

  Sports car · 1964–1967

• De Tomaso Mangusta

  A dramatic Giugiaro-styled Ford V8 coupé — De Tomaso's first significant-volume sports car, with gull-wing engine covers and 401 units built.

  Sports car · 1967–1971

• De Tomaso Pantera

  De Tomaso's masterpiece — a mid-engine Ford V8 supercar sold through US Lincoln-Mercury dealers, with over 7,000 built across a 21-year run.

  Sports car · 1971–1992

• De Tomaso Deauville

  A four-door Ford V8-powered luxury saloon — De Tomaso's unlikely rival to Jaguar and Mercedes-Benz, with 244 produced.

  Luxury sedan · 1971–1985

• De Tomaso Longchamp

  A Tom Tjaarda–styled 2+2 coupé on the Deauville's chassis — 409 built over 17 years, including a handful of open Spyder variants.

  Grand tourer · 1972–1989

• De Tomaso Guarà

  De Tomaso's final original-era model — a carbon-bodied coupé and barchetta built in tiny numbers after Maserati left the fold, with the last car delivered in 2011.

  Sports car · 1994–2004

• De Tomaso P72

  The revived brand's debut car — a retro-styled 750 hp supercharged Ford V8 grand tourer, limited to 72 units, unveiled at the 2019 Goodwood Festival of Speed.

  Sports car · 2019–present

• Diatto Tipo 20

  Diatto's landmark 2-litre sports car (1922–1928) — a SOHC four designed by Giuseppe Coda and developed into a race-winner by Alfieri Maserati.

  Sports car · 1922–1928

• Diatto Tipo Unico (12/15–18 CV)

  Diatto's staple pre-war L-head four — a 2-litre family that grew to 2.4 litres and underpinned the company through WWI.

  Touring car · 1910–1922

• Diatto Tipo 30

  Diatto's post-WWI re-entry — a Bugatti Brescia built under licence, which won the first Italian post-war race in 1919.

  Sports car · 1919–1922

• Diatto Clément-Bayard Series

  Diatto's founding product line — four- and six-cylinder cars built under Clément-Bayard licence, establishing the marque's early reputation.

  Touring car · 1905–1909

• DKW F-Series (F1–F8)

  Europe's first volume front-wheel-drive cars — transversely mounted two-stroke twins in wood-and-steel bodies, built in Zwickau from 1931 to 1942.

  Compact car · 1931–1942

• DKW Meisterklasse (F89)

  The first DKW built in West Germany after the war — a 684 cc two-cylinder two-stroke revival that put the marque back on the road in 1950.

  Compact car · 1950–1954

• DKW Sonderklasse (F91/F93/F94)

  The three-cylinder step-up — DKW's larger 900 cc Sonderklasse debuted at the 1953 Frankfurt IAA and ran in various forms through 1959.

  Compact car · 1953–1959

• DKW Auto Union 1000

  The one-litre DKW badged under the Auto Union name — a 981 cc three-cylinder two-stroke in sedan, coupé, and cabriolet forms, built from 1957 to 1963.

  Compact car · 1957–1963

• DKW Munga

  DKW's purpose-built military four-wheel-drive — 46,750 built for the West German Bundeswehr and NATO allies from 1956 to 1968.

  Off-road vehicle · 1956–1968

• DKW Junior / F11 / F12

  DKW's successful small three-cylinder — the Junior debuted in 1959, evolved into the F11/F12, and became the best-selling small car in West Germany of its era.

  Subcompact car · 1959–1965

• DKW F102

  The last DKW — a modern 1,175 cc three-cylinder two-stroke in a unitary body, whose platform Volkswagen handed to Audi to launch the modern Audi brand.

  Compact car · 1963–1966

• Donkervoort S7

  Donkervoort's first car — a Lotus Seven-derived open roadster with a Ford Crossflow engine, hand-built in a Tienhoven shed.

  Roadster · 1978–1982

• Donkervoort S8

  The S8 family — four variants spanning 1983–1994 — widened the chassis, added fuel injection, and introduced a turbocharged option producing up to 170 hp.

  Roadster · 1983–1994

• Donkervoort D8

  The D8 line (1993–2012) bridged Ford and Audi power, culminating in the 270 hp D8 GT and a Nürburgring lap record, before the GTO generation succeeded it.

  Roadster · 1993–2012

• Donkervoort D8 GTO

  The D8 GTO (2013–2022) — an all-carbon-fibre body, Audi's five-cylinder 2.5 TFSI, and 0–100 km/h in 2.8 s — became Donkervoort's definitive model.

  Roadster · 2013–2022

• Donkervoort F22

  The F22 (2022–2025) — Donkervoort's first fully in-house design — packed 500 hp into 750 kg via a carbon-fibre monocoque and a reworked Audi inline-five.

  Sports car · 2022–2025

• Donkervoort P24 RS

  The P24 RS — introduced January 2026 and Donkervoort's current model — returns to a Ford-derived engine for the first time since 1998.

  Sports car · 2026–present

• DS Automobiles DS 3

  DS Automobiles' entry-level model and founding nameplate — a fashion-forward compact that began as a Citroën DS3 hatchback in 2009 and is now an all-electric crossover.

  Subcompact car · 2009–present

• DS Automobiles DS 4

  DS Automobiles' compact premium model — launched as the Citroën DS4 in 2010, discontinued in 2018, then relaunched as an all-new plug-in hybrid hatchback/crossover in 2021.

  Compact car · 2010–present

• DS Automobiles DS 5

  DS Automobiles' aviation-inspired shooting-brake hatchback — the first DS to offer a hybrid drivetrain, and the brand's early flagship, discontinued in 2018.

  Compact executive car · 2011–2018

• DS Automobiles DS 7

  DS Automobiles' flagship SUV, revealed in 2017 as the DS 7 Crossback — the brand's commercial breakthrough and, notably, the car elected French President Macron chose for his 2017 inauguration.

  Compact SUV · 2017–present

• DS Automobiles DS 9

  DS Automobiles' executive sedan flagship — a long, elegant plug-in hybrid saloon on PSA's EMP2 platform, competing in the premium D-segment.

  Executive car · 2020–present

• EMW EMW 340

  The volume model of EMW — a modernised pre-war BMW 326 derivative, 21,250 built from 1949 to 1955.

  Saloon · 1949–1955

• EMW EMW 327

  A rare, elegant pre-war BMW coupe and cabriolet continued under the EMW name — around 650 built in the early 1950s.

  Sports car · 1952–1955

• Facel Vega FV / HK500

  Facel Vega's founding grand tourer (1954–1961) — a Chrysler V8 wrapped in French coachwork, the fastest legitimate four-seater of its era.

  Grand tourer · 1954–1961

• Facel Vega Excellence

  Facel Vega's only four-door model (1958–1964) — a pillarless, fin-tailed Chrysler-powered luxury saloon of which just 156 were built.

  Luxury car · 1958–1964

• Facel Vega Facellia

  Facel Vega's smaller, affordable sports car (1959–1963) — powered by a catastrophically unreliable in-house four-cylinder that triggered the warranty claims that bankrupted the company.

  Sports car · 1959–1963

• Facel Vega Facel II

  Facel Vega's last and finest grand tourer (1962–1964) — lighter and faster than the HK500, with up to 390 hp, considered one of the most handsome cars of the 1960s.

  Grand tourer · 1962–1964

• Ferrari 125 S

  The first Ferrari — a 1.5-litre V12 barchetta that launched the Prancing Horse in 1947.

  Sports car · 1947–1947

• Ferrari 250 GT

  Ferrari's most celebrated classic family — a Colombo V12 series spanning coupés, spiders, and the priceless 250 GTO.

  Grand tourer · 1953–1964

• Ferrari Dino 206/246 GT

  Ferrari's first mass-production mid-engine car — a Pininfarina-styled V6 sold under the Dino sub-brand, 1967–1974.

  Sports car · 1967–1974

• Ferrari 308 / 328

  The iconic Magnum P.I. Ferrari — a Pininfarina V8 berlinetta that defined the brand through the late 1970s and 1980s.

  Sports car · 1975–1989

• Ferrari 348

  The transitional 3.4-litre V8 berlinetta that bridged the 328 and the F355, featuring Ferrari's new longitudinal engine layout.

  Sports car · 1989–1995

• Ferrari F355

  The F355 transformed Ferrari's mid-engine V8 from a flawed classic to a world-class sports car — 11,273 built in five years.

  Sports car · 1994–1999

• Ferrari 360 Modena

  The aluminium-chassis 360 raised the V8 mid-engine formula to new heights with 400 hp and a dramatically airy cabin.

  Sports car · 1999–2005

• Ferrari F430

  The F430 brought Formula 1-derived aerodynamics and a 483-hp 4.3-litre V8 to Ferrari's mid-engine line.

  Sports car · 2004–2009

• Ferrari 458

  Widely considered the finest naturally aspirated V8 Ferrari — the 458's 562-hp flat-plane engine and razor handling defined an era.

  Sports car · 2009–2015

• Ferrari 488

  The turbocharged successor to the 458 — the 488's 660-hp twin-turbo V8 raised the mid-engine performance ceiling while adding race-proven aero.

  Sports car · 2015–2019

• Ferrari F8 Tributo

  The F8 honoured Ferrari's V8 berlinetta lineage with 710 hp and the 488 Pista's engine — the last purely combustion mid-V8 Ferrari.

  Sports car · 2019–2023

• Ferrari 296 GTB

  Ferrari's current mid-engine sports car combines a new twin-turbo V6 with a 122-kW electric motor for a 830-hp plug-in hybrid package.

  Sports car · 2022–present

• Ferrari 275 GTB

  The 275 GTB introduced Ferrari's first independent rear suspension and a four-camshaft V12 — a pivotal GT in the marque's road-car development.

  Grand tourer · 1964–1968

• Ferrari 365 GTB/4 Daytona

  The legendary Daytona — a 352-hp front-engine grand tourer that became Ferrari's last great front-engine V12 before the mid-engine Berlinetta Boxer.

  Grand tourer · 1968–1973

• Ferrari Berlinetta Boxer (BB)

  Ferrari's first mid-engine 12-cylinder road car — the flat-12 'Boxer' in 365 and 512 form bridged the Daytona and the Testarossa.

  Sports car · 1973–1984

• Ferrari Testarossa

  The straked, wide-hipped Testarossa defined 1980s supercar style and became a cultural icon through Miami Vice — nearly 10,000 built across three variants.

  Sports car · 1984–1996

• Ferrari 550 Maranello / 575M

  The 550 returned Ferrari's 2-seat V12 GT to front-engine layout after 23 years — and the 575M refined it further with 515 hp.

  Grand tourer · 1996–2006

• Ferrari 599 GTB Fiorano

  The 599 brought a 620-hp V12 and aluminium spaceframe to Ferrari's front-engine GT, earning praise as one of the greatest drivers' grand tourers.

  Grand tourer · 2006–2012

• Ferrari F12berlinetta

  The 740-hp F12berlinetta was the most powerful naturally aspirated road car Ferrari had ever built — a blistering V12 GT in Pininfarina clothes.

  Grand tourer · 2012–2017

• Ferrari 812 Superfast / 812 GTS

  Ferrari's current front-engine V12 grand tourer — 800 hp, rear-wheel steering, and available as the first open-top V12 Ferrari since the 1969 Daytona Spider.

  Grand tourer · 2017–present

• Ferrari 288 GTO

  The twin-turbo 288 GTO was the first modern Ferrari supercar — a Group B homologation special that launched the Icona lineage.

  Sports car · 1984–1987

• Ferrari F40

  Enzo Ferrari's final personally approved car — a raw, twin-turbo 478-hp supercar built to celebrate the marque's 40th anniversary.

  Sports car · 1987–1992

• Ferrari F50

  A 513-hp naturally aspirated V12 in an F1-inspired carbon-fibre monocoque — the F50 translated Formula 1 technology directly into a road car.

  Sports car · 1995–1997

• Ferrari Enzo

  Named for the founder, the 660-hp Enzo applied active aerodynamics, carbon-ceramic brakes, and F1-derived paddle shifts to Ferrari's most extreme road car of its era.

  Sports car · 2002–2004

• Ferrari LaFerrari

  Ferrari's first hybrid road car — a 963-hp V12 + KERS system producing more power than any previous Ferrari, limited to 499 coupés and 210 Aperta spiders.

  Sports car · 2013–2016

• Ferrari SF90 Stradale

  Ferrari's most powerful series-production car — a 1,000-hp plug-in hybrid V8 combining three electric motors with a twin-turbo V8.

  Sports car · 2019–present

• Ferrari California / Portofino

  Ferrari's entry-level front-engine convertible GT — the California pioneered the retractable hardtop at Maranello; the Portofino evolved it with 591 hp.

  Grand tourer · 2008–present

• Ferrari FF / GTC4Lusso

  Ferrari's first all-wheel-drive car — the FF's shooting-brake body and V12 were refined into the GTC4Lusso four-seater, before the Purosangue SUV arrived.

  Grand tourer · 2011–2020

• Ferrari Purosangue

  Ferrari's first production SUV — a 715-hp naturally aspirated V12 four-door that the company insists is a Ferrari first and an SUV second.

  SUV · 2022–present

• Fiat 500 (Nuova)

  The Nuova 500 — Fiat's tiny, rear-engined city car that motorized postwar Italy and became a design icon.

  City car · 1957–1975

• Fiat 600

  Fiat's first postwar mass-market car — a rear-engined four-seater that set the template for Italian motoring in the 1950s.

  Subcompact car · 1955–1969

• Fiat 128

  The 1970 European Car of the Year — the compact that pioneered the transverse front-engine/FWD layout adopted by virtually every mainstream manufacturer.

  Compact car · 1969–1985

• Fiat 127

  The 1972 European Car of the Year — the car widely credited with defining the modern supermini and the front-wheel-drive hatchback formula.

  Subcompact car · 1971–1983

• Fiat 124 Sport Spider

  A Pininfarina-designed roadster built on the Fiat 124 platform — nearly 200,000 produced, 75% for the US market.

  Sports car · 1966–1985

• Fiat X1/9

  A Bertone-designed mid-engined targa sports car — the first Fiat designed from the outset to meet US safety regulations.

  Sports car · 1972–1989

• Fiat Panda

  Fiat's durable, utilitarian city car — a Giugiaro design icon that's been in continuous production since 1980.

  City car · 1980–present

• Fiat Uno

  The 1984 European Car of the Year — a Giugiaro-penned supermini that became one of the eight most-produced car platforms in history.

  Subcompact car · 1983–1995

• Fiat Punto

  The 1995 European Car of the Year — Fiat's successor supermini to the Uno, sold for 25 years and nearly nine million units.

  Subcompact car · 1993–2018

• Fiat 500 (modern)

  The retro-revival 500 — a 2008 European Car of the Year that reinvented Fiat's icon as a modern, customisable city car.

  City car · 2007–present

• Fiat 500e (electric)

  Fiat's purpose-built electric 500 — a new platform (not a conversion) launched in Europe in 2020, returning to the US for 2024.

  City car · 2020–present

• Fiat 500L

  A larger, family-focused 500-styled MPV — sold in the US from 2014 through 2020 before being discontinued.

  Compact MPV · 2012–2022

• Fiat 500X

  Fiat's 500-branded subcompact crossover — the brand's US volume model from 2016 until its North American discontinuation after 2023.

  Subcompact SUV · 2014–present

• Fiat 124 Spider

  The modern revival of the 124 Spider nameplate — a turbocharged Mazda MX-5–based roadster sold in the US for 2017–2020.

  Sports car · 2016–2020

• FN Spider

  FN's very first car — a twin-cylinder chain-drive voiturette that launched Belgium's longest-running pre-war marque.

  Voiturette · 1899–1906

• FN Typ 30-40

  FN's first prestige tourer — a large four-cylinder car patronised by the Belgian Royal Family and the Shah of Persia.

  Touring car · 1905–1914

• FN Typ 1300

  FN's most successful model — a refined 1327 cc overhead-valve four with four-wheel brakes, built in ~2,200 examples and raced to class wins at the Spa 24 Hours.

  Touring car · 1923–1933

• FN 1625 (11CV)

  FN's final production car — an enlarged 1625 cc four praised for sporty character, and the basis for the royal Prince Baudouin and Prince Albert saloons.

  Saloon · 1930–1935

• FSM Syrena 105

  The final generation of Poland's home-grown Syrena — a 2-stroke three-cylinder saloon produced at FSM in Bielsko-Biała until June 1983.

  Compact car · 1972–1983

• FSM Polski Fiat 126p

  Poland's most beloved car — the air-cooled rear-engine 'maluch' built under Fiat licence from 1973, eventually totalling over 3.3 million units across both FSM plants.

  City car · 1973–1992

• FSM Polski Fiat 126 BIS

  A significantly re-engineered 126 variant with a water-cooled front engine and hatchback tailgate — 190,361 units built at Bielsko-Biała between 1987 and 1991.

  City car · 1987–1991

• FSM Cinquecento

  The modern successor to the 126p — launched at Tychy in June 1991 under the FSM badge before the May 1992 privatisation handed production to Fiat Auto Poland.

  City car · 1991–1992

• FSO Warszawa

  Poland's first postwar mass-produced car — a Soviet Pobeda-based saloon, built 1951–1973 in 254,471 units.

  Compact car · 1951–1973

• FSO Syrena

  FSO's own-design two-stroke two-door — Poland's first domestically conceived small car, made 1957–1972 at Żerań (then 1972–1983 at FSM).

  Subcompact car · 1957–1972

• FSO Polski Fiat 125p

  Poland's most-produced car — a Fiat 125-bodied compact built under licence for 24 years, 1,445,689 units.

  Compact car · 1967–1991

• FSO Polonez

  FSO's own-platform hatchback, styled by Giugiaro — over 1 million built across 25 years, 1978–2002.

  Compact car · 1978–2002

• FSO FSO Lanos

  The Daewoo Lanos built at Żerań — Poland's high-volume compact of the Daewoo era, sold as FSO Lanos from 2005.

  Compact car · 1998–2008

• FSO Chevrolet Aveo

  The last car assembled by FSO — a GM-licensed Chevrolet Aveo built in Warsaw 2007–2011.

  Subcompact car · 2007–2011

• GAZ GAZ-A

  The Gorky plant's first passenger car — a Soviet-built Ford Model A derivative that inaugurated GAZ in 1932.

  Sedan · 1932–1936

• GAZ GAZ-M1

  The 'Emka' — the Soviet Union's standard government and staff car of the late 1930s and World War II era.

  Sedan · 1936–1943

• GAZ GAZ-M20 Pobeda

  The 'Victory' sedan — the Soviet Union's first fully indigenous, modern post-war passenger car, and a milestone of Soviet engineering.

  Sedan · 1946–1958

• GAZ GAZ Volga

  The Volga — the Soviet Union's most iconic executive sedan, produced across multiple generations from 1956 to 2010.

  Executive car · 1956–2010

• GAZ GAZ Chaika

  The 'Seagull' — GAZ's opulent government limousine, one step below the ZIL, reserved for senior Soviet officials.

  Luxury car · 1959–1988

• GAZ GAZ-69

  The Soviet Jeep — a rugged 4×4 military utility vehicle that became standard issue across the Eastern Bloc.

  Off-road vehicle · 1953–1956

• GAZ GAZelle

  The GAZelle van — Russia's answer to the Ford Transit, launched in 1994 and still the country's dominant light commercial vehicle.

  Light commercial vehicle · 1994–present

• GAZ Volga Siber

  GAZ's last-ever passenger car — a Chrysler Sebring-based sedan that lasted only three model years before the 2008 financial crisis killed it.

  Mid-size car · 2008–2010

• Ghia Karmann Ghia

  The iconic VW Beetle-based coupé styled by Ghia and hand-built by Karmann — over 445,000 made from 1955 to 1974.

  Sports car · 1955–1974

• Ghia Dual-Ghia

  An ultra-exclusive Chrysler-based convertible hand-built in Detroit and Turin — only 117 made, owned by Sinatra, Dean Martin, and Desi Arnaz.

  Luxury car · 1956–1958

• Ghia Ghia L6.4

  Ghia's ultra-bespoke Chrysler-powered coupe — only 26 built at $13,500 each, with Frank Sinatra, Lucille Ball, and Dean Martin among the owners.

  Luxury car · 1960–1963

• Ghia Ghia 450 SS

  A Giugiaro-revised Italian sports car built on Plymouth Barracuda running gear — only around 52–57 made between 1966 and 1967.

  Sports car · 1966–1967

• Ghia Chrysler–Ghia Show Cars

  A decade-long parade of Chrysler dream cars hand-built by Ghia in Turin under Virgil Exner — 24 of Chrysler's 28 postwar Idea Cars came from Ghia.

  Concept car · 1951–1963

• Ghia Lincoln Futura

  A single Ford-commissioned concept built by Ghia in 1955 — the bubble-top show car that George Barris later converted into the 1966 TV Batmobile.

  Concept car · 1955–1955

• Gillet Vertigo

  Gillet's sole model and raison d'être — an ultra-lightweight, carbon-fiber mid-engine two-seater built in tiny numbers since 1992.

  Sports car · 1992–present

• Glas Goggomobil

  Glas's iconic rear-engined microcar (1955–1969) — over 280,000 built, making it one of the most successful microcars ever produced.

  Microcar · 1955–1969

• Glas Isar

  A larger four-seater sibling to the Goggomobil (1958–1965), with a 584 cc or 688 cc boxer engine and fashionable wraparound windscreen.

  Supermini · 1958–1965

• Glas 1004 / 1204 / 1304

  The world's first production car with a toothed rubber cam-belt driving an overhead camshaft — a landmark engineering step introduced in 1962.

  Compact car · 1962–1968

• Glas GT

  An elegant Italian-styled GT coupé (and rare convertible) designed by Pietro Frua — the sporting high point of the Glas marque, 5,378 built.

  Sports car · 1964–1967

• Glas V8

  Glas's extravagant flagship — a Frua-styled V8 grand tourer nicknamed the 'Glaserati', produced in two forms totalling just 666 units.

  Grand tourer · 1966–1968

• Goliath Pionier

  Goliath's founding three-wheeled microcar — a tax-advantage bubble car with a single-cylinder engine, built 1931–1934.

  Microcar · 1931–1934

• Goliath GP700 / GP900

  Borgward's postwar bubble car and one of the world's first fuel-injected production cars — the GP700 Sport used Bosch injection in 1952.

  Microcar · 1950–1957

• Goliath 1100

  Goliath's final and most ambitious model — a modern 1094 cc four-stroke compact that was rebadged Hansa 1100 in late 1958.

  Small family car · 1957–1958

• GTA Motor GTA Spano

  Spain's most powerful production supercar — a 900+ hp carbon-monocoque coupé built in Valencia in a planned run of 99 units.

  Sports car · 2012–2018

• Gumpert Apollo

  Gumpert's singular road-legal supercar — a mid-engine, twin-turbo V8 coupe with gullwing doors, capable of lapping the Nürburgring in 7:11.

  Sports car · 2005–2012

• Gumpert Tornante

  An open-top grand tourer designed by Carrozzeria Touring Superleggera on the Apollo platform — lighter, more luxurious, and revealed at Geneva 2011.

  Sports car · 2011–2013

• Hanomag 2/10 PS "Kommissbrot"

  Germany's most fuel-efficient mass-production car of the interwar years — a 370 kg, rear-engined single-cylinder microcar nicknamed 'Army Bread' for its rounded shape.

  Economy car · 1925–1928

• Hanomag Garant

  Hanomag's Depression-era 1.1-litre small car — sold so well it required two-shift production and helped the company survive the early 1930s.

  Small family car · 1932–1938

• Hanomag Rekord

  One of the first mass-produced cars offered with a diesel engine — Hanomag's 1.5/1.9-litre mid-sizer sold 19,104 units and set a diesel speed record on the Reichsautobahn.

  Mid-size car · 1933–1940

• Hanomag 1.3 Litre

  Hanomag's technically advanced final passenger car — a unitary-body two-door saloon whose structure was studied by Volvo engineers and influenced the PV444.

  Small family car · 1939–1941

• Hansa Treff-Aß

  The sole Hansa-Lloyd passenger car of the early 1920s — a robust four-cylinder tourer on pre-war mechanicals.

  Touring car · 1920–1925

• Hansa Trumpf-Aß

  Hansa-Lloyd's prestige straight-eight luxury car of the late 1920s — as technically ambitious as anything built in Germany at the time.

  Luxury car · 1925–1931

• Hansa Hansa 400

  A diminutive rear-engined two-stroke microcar — the first new Hansa-branded car after Borgward's takeover.

  Microcar · 1933–1934

• Hansa Hansa 500

  Successor to the Hansa 400 with a slightly larger two-stroke engine, also available as a convertible.

  Microcar · 1934–1934

• Hansa Hansa 1100

  The Borgward group's breakthrough small car — an all-steel, independently sprung four-cylinder saloon that brought modern construction to the German compact segment.

  Small family car · 1934–1939

• Hansa Hansa 1700

  A six-cylinder companion to the 1100, including a twin-carburettor sports variant, giving the Borgward-era Hansa range an upper tier.

  Mid-size car · 1934–1937

• Hansa Hansa 2000

  The final mainstream Hansa passenger car — a six-cylinder saloon that transitioned to Borgward badging from 1939.

  Mid-size car · 1938–1939

• Heinkel Kabine

  Heinkel's sole automobile — a three- or four-wheel aircraft-inspired microcar with a front-hinged door, produced in Germany from 1956 to 1958.

  Microcar · 1956–1958

• Hispano-Suiza Alfonso XIII

  The world's first purpose-built sports car — a 64-hp four-cylinder voiturette named for the King of Spain who loved the brand.

  Sports car · 1911–1914

• Hispano-Suiza H6

  The definitive pre-war grand tourer — an all-aluminium OHC six with the first four-wheel servo brakes, widely considered the finest car of the 1920s.

  Grand tourer · 1919–1933

• Hispano-Suiza J12

  Hispano-Suiza's ultimate pre-war machine — a 9.4-litre V12 producing 220 hp, sold as a rolling chassis to Europe's finest coachbuilders.

  Grand tourer · 1931–1938

• Hispano-Suiza K6

  A more accessible six-cylinder companion to the monumental J12 — 202 built, still coachbuilt, still bearing Hispano-Suiza's exacting quality.

  Grand tourer · 1934–1937

• Hispano-Suiza Carmen

  The electric flagship of the revived Hispano-Suiza — a Barcelona-built, all-carbon GT hypercar honouring the Mateu family legacy through EV performance.

  Electric hypercar · 2019–present

• Hispano-Suiza Carmen Sagrera

  The third Hispano-Suiza electric hypercar — four motors, 1,114 hp, 24 units, unveiled at the brand's 120th anniversary in Barcelona.

  Electric hypercar · 2024–present

• Horch Early Touring Cars

  Horch's pre-eight-cylinder era: twin- and six-cylinder tourers that established the brand as Germany's quality luxury builder.

  Touring car · 1901–1925

• Horch Horch 8

  Germany's first production straight-eight (1926–1935) — debuted as the Type 303 and grew into a full range of large-displacement luxury tourers.

  Luxury car · 1926–1935

• Horch Horch 830

  Horch's V8-powered mid-range luxury line (1933–1940) — more accessible than the straight-eight flagships, yet still a prestige car favoured by officials and officers.

  Luxury car · 1933–1940

• Horch Horch 853

  Horch's ultimate pre-war flagship (1935–1940) — a 5-litre straight-eight sport cabriolet that is today among the most coveted German classics.

  Luxury car · 1935–1940

• Hotchkiss AM Series

  Hotchkiss's defining interwar single-model — a 2.4-litre four that sold over a thousand units a year and won the Monte Carlo Rally three times in a row.

  Touring car · 1923–1932

• Hotchkiss 686 / Grand Sport

  Hotchkiss's sporting six — a 3.5-litre Grand Sport that won the Monte Carlo Rally in 1939, 1949, and 1950 and rivals the great British touring cars of its era.

  Grand tourer · 1936–1952

• Hotchkiss Anjou

  Hotchkiss's last traditional model — a handsome four-door saloon on the 686 chassis, offered with a four-cylinder or six-cylinder engine.

  Luxury car · 1950–1954

• Hotchkiss Hotchkiss-Grégoire

  A radical front-wheel-drive unitary saloon — a fascinating technical dead-end of which only 247 were built before costs ended production.

  Compact car · 1951–1952

• IFA F8

  IFA's first passenger car — a two-cylinder, two-stroke compact directly descended from prewar DKW designs, built at Zwickau from 1948 to 1956.

  Compact car · 1948–1956

• IFA F9

  IFA's three-cylinder compact — a more modern sibling to the F8, using a prewar DKW prototype body and 910 cc engine; its underpinnings went on to underpin the Wartburg 311.

  Compact car · 1950–1956

• IFA W 50

  East Germany's most prolific truck — nearly 572,000 built at Ludwigsfelde between 1965 and 1990 in over sixty factory variants.

  Medium-duty truck · 1965–1990

• IFA L 60

  IFA's final truck — a modern forward-control successor to the W 50, with a six-cylinder diesel and Volvo-inspired cab, built only from 1987 until reunification ended production in 1990.

  Medium-duty truck · 1987–1990

• Imperia Early Four-Cylinder Series

  Imperia's founding range of four-cylinder tourers — designed by German engineer Paul Henze with engines from 3 to 9.9 litres.

  Touring car · 1906–1920

• Imperia 8 CV Super Sport

  A 1624 cc overhead-cam six-cylinder sports car capable of 90 mph — Imperia's performance landmark of the late 1920s.

  Sports car · 1927–1932

• Imperia TA-7

  Imperia's small front-wheel-drive compact — a licenced Adler Trumpf with Belgian coachwork, 995 cc, 25 hp.

  Compact car · 1933–1939

• Imperia TA-9 / Diane

  The larger Adler-based Imperia — 1645 cc, 38 hp, front-wheel drive — restyled as the Diane from 1936.

  Mid-size car · 1934–1938

• Imperia TA-8

  Imperia's last original car — a 1340 cc Hotchkiss-engined post-war tourer on an Adler Trumpf Junior chassis; the final Belgian-designed private car.

  Touring car · 1947–1949

• Imperia Standard Vanguard (Imperia-assembled)

  CKD Standard Vanguards assembled in Nessonvaux and badged as Imperia, including a Belgium-only convertible variant.

  Full-size car · 1948–1957

• Innocenti A40 Berlina / Combinata

  Innocenti's first car — a licensed Austin A40 Farina built in Milan in saloon and estate forms.

  Compact car · 1960–1967

• Innocenti 950 Spider / 1100 Spider

  Innocenti's open two-seat sports car — a Ghia-styled body on an Austin-Healey Sprite chassis, later enlarged to 1098 cc.

  Roadster · 1961–1968

• Innocenti IM3 / 1300

  Innocenti's everyday family saloon — a licensed BMC ADO16 (Austin/Morris 1100 platform) built in Milan for over a decade.

  Compact car · 1963–1974

• Innocenti Regent

  A short-lived Innocenti saloon based on the Austin Allegro platform, sold briefly before the brand's focus shifted entirely to Mini-derived cars.

  Compact car · 1974–1975

• Innocenti Mini (Innocenti)

  The original licensed BMC Mini built in Milan — saloons and estates with 848 cc, 998 cc, and 1275 cc engines before Bertone restyled the car.

  Subcompact car · 1965–1975

• Innocenti Mini 90 / Mini 120

  Bertone's reimagining of the Mini for Innocenti — a sharp three-door hatchback that predated the Metro and pointed the way for the modern supermini.

  Subcompact car · 1974–1982

• Innocenti Mini de Tomaso

  The hot-hatch flagship of the De Tomaso era — a sporting Mini with arch extensions, fog lamps, and eventually a turbocharged Daihatsu engine.

  Subcompact car · 1976–1987

• Innocenti 3-Cilindri / Minitre / Mini 500 / Mini 650

  The Daihatsu-powered successors to the Bertone Mini — three-cylinder city cars that kept Innocenti alive through the De Tomaso era until 1993.

  Subcompact car · 1982–1993

• Innocenti Elba / Mille

  Fiat-era Innocenti badge engineering — Brazilian-sourced Fiat Elba estate and Uno-derived Mille hatchback sold in Italy until the marque was retired.

  Subcompact car · 1991–1996

• Intermeccanica Apollo GT

  A hand-built Italian-American GT — Intermeccanica bodies shipped to California and fitted with Buick V8s, only 88 built.

  Sports car · 1961–1965

• Intermeccanica Griffith GT

  A short-lived Italian-American GT commissioned by Jack Griffith, later sold as the 'Omega' — fewer than 35 cars completed.

  Sports car · 1966–1966

• Intermeccanica Italia

  Intermeccanica's most celebrated classic — a hand-formed steel GT and Spyder powered by Ford V8s, roughly 500 built.

  Sports car · 1967–1973

• Intermeccanica Indra

  Intermeccanica's most successful car — a Scaglione-designed Opel-based GT that debuted at the 1971 Geneva Salon.

  Sports car · 1971–1974

• Intermeccanica 356 Speedster Replica

  The first Intermeccanica replica — a faithful Porsche 356 Speedster recreation, around 600 built in Santa Ana, California.

  Sports car · 1976–1979

• Intermeccanica Roadster (356 Replica)

  Intermeccanica's long-running handcrafted Porsche 356 Convertible D replica, produced in Vancouver since 1982 — still built to order.

  Sports car · 1981–present

• Intermeccanica Speedster (356 Replica)

  Intermeccanica's handcrafted replica of the classic Porsche 356 Speedster — offered in Pre-A and 356A configurations, made to order in Vancouver.

  Sports car · 1982–present

• Iso Rivolta Isetta

  Iso's egg-shaped bubble car (1953–1955) — licensed to BMW, which sold 160,000 units and made it a post-war icon.

  Microcar · 1953–1955

• Iso Rivolta IR 300

  Iso's founding GT (1962–1970) — a Bertone-styled 2+2 coupe with a Corvette V8, designed to out-cruise a Ferrari at lower cost.

  Grand tourer · 1962–1970

• Iso Rivolta Grifo

  Iso's Ferrari-rivalling sports coupe (1965–1974) — a 300 km/h Bertone fastback powered by big-block Chevrolet V8s, with 413 built.

  Sports car · 1965–1974

• Iso Rivolta Fidia

  Iso's four-door saloon (1967–1974) — billed as the world's fastest four-door car at launch, styled by Giugiaro with a Chevy V8.

  Luxury car · 1967–1974

• Iso Rivolta Lele

  Iso's 2+2 GT (1969–1974) — a Marcello Gandini fastback that replaced the IR 300, with 285 built before Iso's collapse.

  Grand tourer · 1969–1974

• Isotta Fraschini Tipo 8

  The world's first series-production straight-eight automobile — a landmark 5.9-litre chassis supplied bare for coachbuilt bodywork.

  Luxury car · 1919–1924

• Isotta Fraschini Tipo 8A

  The definitive Isotta Fraschini — a 7.3-litre straight-eight limousine favoured by Rudolph Valentino, Clara Bow, and Sunset Boulevard's Norma Desmond.

  Luxury car · 1924–1931

• Isotta Fraschini Tipo 8B

  The Depression-era successor to the 8A — a 7.4-litre, 160 bhp straight-eight built in tiny numbers as the market for ultra-luxury cars collapsed.

  Luxury car · 1931–1934

• Isotta Fraschini Tipo 8C Monterosa

  Isotta Fraschini's final car — a radical rear-engined, V8-powered post-war grand tourer presented in 1947; only three to six were ever built.

  Luxury car · 1947–1949

• Itala 18/24/50 HP Touring Cars

  Itala's founding three-model range — an 18 hp, a 24 hp, and a 50 hp four-cylinder — launched the marque and established it as a legitimate challenger to Fiat.

  Touring car · 1904–1907

• Itala 14.8-Litre Racing Car

  A massive 14.8-litre five-cylinder racing machine that won the 1905 Coppa Florio and the 1906 Targa Florio — establishing Itala as Italy's foremost racing constructor.

  Racing car · 1905–1906

• Itala 35/45 HP

  The 7.4-litre four-cylinder that Prince Borghese drove from Peking to Paris in 1907 — one of the most famous competitive feats in automotive history.

  Touring car · 1907–1908

• Itala Tipo 50

  Itala's main post-war production car — a 2.8-litre side-valve four designed by Alberto Orasi that kept the marque alive through the difficult early 1920s.

  Touring car · 1919–1926

• Itala Tipo 55

  A 4.4-litre post-war tourer featuring Itala's experimental 'Avalve' rotary-valve engine — an advanced but commercially unsuccessful engineering exercise.

  Touring car · 1920–1923

• Itala Tipo 61

  A 2-litre twin-cam six by engineer Giulio Cesare Cappa — Itala's most successful late model, with a class win at Le Mans 1928.

  Sports car · 1925–1929

• Itala Tipo 11 Racing Prototype

  An audacious 1,050 cc supercharged V12 single-seater prototype by Cappa — arguably two decades ahead of its time, with front-wheel drive and all-independent suspension, but it never raced.

  Racing car · 1925–1925

• Italdesign Aztec

  A 20th-anniversary mid-engine speedster with twin separated cockpits and AWD — roughly 18 built.

  Sports car · 1988–1992

• Italdesign Nazca C2

  A carbon-fibre BMW V12 coupé concept of which 5 were built — 3 with BMW branding, 2 as private Alpina-tuned commissions.

  Sports car · 1991–1993

• Italdesign Zerouno

  The first model from Italdesign Automobili Speciali — a 610 PS Audi/Lamborghini V10 supercar in coupé and roadster forms, 5 units each.

  Sports car · 2017–2018

• Koenigsegg CC8S

  Koenigsegg's first production car — six examples, a Guinness record for most powerful production engine, and the starting point for every car that followed.

  Sports car · 2002–2003

• Koenigsegg CCR

  A more powerful successor to the CC8S that briefly held the Guinness world production-car speed record at 387.9 km/h.

  Sports car · 2004–2006

• Koenigsegg CCX

  Koenigsegg's first car with an entirely in-house engine — built to meet US and global safety regulations, 29 units produced.

  Sports car · 2006–2010

• Koenigsegg Agera

  Koenigsegg's landmark hypercar family (2010–2018) — encompassing the Agera R, Agera RS, and One:1, with the RS setting an outright production-car top-speed record of 284.55 mph.

  Sports car · 2010–2018

• Koenigsegg Regera

  Koenigsegg's 1,500-hp plug-in hybrid grand tourer — 80 units, no traditional gearbox, and a genuinely usable two-seat interior.

  Sports car · 2016–2022

• Koenigsegg Jesko

  Koenigsegg's current flagship hypercar — 125 units, up to 1,600 hp on E85, named after the founder's father, with the Absolut variant targeting 300 mph.

  Sports car · 2022–present

• Koenigsegg Gemera

  Koenigsegg's first four-seater — a 2,300-hp plug-in hybrid grand tourer limited to 300 units, combining family practicality with hypercar performance.

  Sports car · 2024–present

• Koenigsegg CC850

  A 70-unit anniversary hypercar celebrating 50 years of Christian von Koenigsegg's birth — inspired by the original CC8S with a manual-mode gearbox and 1,385 hp.

  Sports car · 2025–present

• KTM X-Bow

  KTM's radical open-cockpit two-seater — the world's first street-legal car with a full carbon-fibre monocoque, powered by Audi's 2.0 TFSI and built in Graz since 2008.

  Sports car · 2008–present

• Lada Lada 1200 (VAZ-2101 / Zhiguli)

  AvtoVAZ's founding car — a heavily modified Fiat 124 built under Soviet licence, exported globally as the Lada 1200.

  Compact car · 1970–1988

• Lada Lada Riva (VAZ-2105 / 2107)

  A modernised successor to the Zhiguli family — the boxy Riva became one of Europe's most recognisable budget cars across three decades.

  Compact car · 1980–2010

• Lada Niva (Lada 4×4)

  The legendary Soviet-born 4x4 — permanently in production since 1977 and the world's longest-running off-road light vehicle still built in its original form.

  Off-road vehicle · 1977–present

• Lada Samara (VAZ-2108 / 2109)

  Lada's first modern front-wheel-drive hatchback — a 1984 leap forward that brought Western-style packaging to Soviet motoring.

  Subcompact car · 1984–2013

• Lada Kalina

  Lada's purpose-designed modern compact — a home-grown platform replacing the aging Samara, offered as sedan, hatchback, and wagon.

  Subcompact car · 2004–2018

• Lada Priora

  A restyled, modernised compact based on the Lada 110 platform — Lada's mainstream family car for over a decade.

  Compact car · 2007–2018

• Lada Granta

  Lada's best-selling modern model — a Renault-collaborated subcompact that led Russian sales from 2013 to 2015 and remains in production today.

  Subcompact car · 2011–present

• Lada Largus

  A Renault Logan MCV-based compact estate and MPV — Lada's practical family and commercial workhorse since 2012.

  Compact MPV · 2012–present

• Lada Vesta

  Lada's most modern car — a purpose-designed B/C-segment sedan developed with the Renault-Nissan Alliance, launched in 2015 and widely praised for raising the brand's quality bar.

  Compact car · 2015–present

• Lada XRAY

  Lada's first compact city crossover — a B-segment SUV on the Nissan-Renault platform, produced from 2016 until sanctions disrupted supply chains in 2022.

  Subcompact SUV · 2016–2022

• Lamborghini 350 GT

  Lamborghini's first production car — a 3.5-litre V12 grand tourer that proved Ferruccio could build a rival to Ferrari.

  Grand tourer · 1964–1966

• Lamborghini 400 GT

  The 350 GT's successor with a larger 3.9-litre V12, offered as a 2+2 coupe — Lamborghini's first series-production car in meaningful volume.

  Grand tourer · 1966–1968

• Lamborghini Islero

  A refined, understated successor to the 400 GT, named after the famous fighting bull — understated styling that divided collectors.

  Grand tourer · 1968–1969

• Lamborghini Espada

  A full four-seat V12 GT designed by Bertone — Lamborghini's most pragmatic and longest-running classic-era model with over 1,200 built.

  Grand tourer · 1968–1978

• Lamborghini Jarama

  The last of the classic front-engine Lamborghini GTs — a Bertone 2+2 that succeeded the Islero in a compact, aggressive body.

  Grand tourer · 1970–1976

• Lamborghini Miura

  The car that invented the modern supercar template — a transversely mid-mounted V12 in a Bertone body that stunned the world at the 1966 Geneva Motor Show.

  Sports car · 1966–1973

• Lamborghini Urraco

  Lamborghini's attempt at a more accessible mid-engine sports car — a V8-powered 2+2 aimed at the Ferrari Dino.

  Sports car · 1973–1979

• Lamborghini Silhouette

  A rare targa-top evolution of the Urraco platform — one of the rarest Lamborghinis, with only 54 produced.

  Sports car · 1976–1979

• Lamborghini Jalpa

  The entry-level Lamborghini of the 1980s — a 3.5-litre V8 targa that kept the marque solvent during its most turbulent ownership years.

  Sports car · 1981–1988

• Lamborghini Countach

  The wedge-shaped V12 supercar that defined 1970s–80s excess — a poster car for a generation, produced in 1,999 examples across five variants.

  Sports car · 1974–1990

• Lamborghini LM002

  The 'Rambo-Lambo' — a front-engine V12 military-spec off-roader that became Lamborghini's first SUV; 301 built.

  SUV · 1986–1993

• Lamborghini Diablo

  The 200 mph successor to the Countach — a decade-long V12 supercar that introduced all-wheel drive and open-top motoring to the V12 Lamborghini line.

  Sports car · 1990–2001

• Lamborghini Murciélago

  Lamborghini's first new model under Audi ownership — a 6.2- then 6.5-litre V12 flagship built in 4,099 examples, culminating in the 661 hp LP 670-4 SV.

  Sports car · 2001–2010

• Lamborghini Aventador

  Lamborghini's carbon-monocoque V12 flagship — 11,465 produced across a decade of LP700, S, SVJ, and Ultimae variants, succeeded by the hybrid Revuelto.

  Sports car · 2011–2022

• Lamborghini Revuelto

  Lamborghini's current V12 flagship — a 1,001 hp plug-in hybrid supercar that succeeds the Aventador with three electric motors alongside the longitudinal V12.

  Sports car · 2023–present

• Lamborghini Gallardo

  Lamborghini's breakthrough volume supercar — the first to exceed 10,000 units, powered by a 5.0-litre V10, and the best-selling Lamborghini of its era.

  Sports car · 2003–2013

• Lamborghini Huracán

  Gallardo's V10 successor — Lamborghini's best-selling supercar ever with over 20,000 produced, spanning LP610 coupe to the track-focused STO and the open STO Spyder.

  Sports car · 2014–2024

• Lamborghini Temerario

  Huracán's hybrid successor — a 907 hp twin-turbo V8 plug-in hybrid with a 10,250 rpm redline, Lamborghini's second HPEV after the Revuelto.

  Sports car · 2025–present

• Lamborghini Urus

  Lamborghini's record-selling super SUV — a twin-turbo V8 five-door built on the VW Group MLB Evo platform, now also offered as a PHEV Urus SE.

  SUV · 2018–present

• Lancia Lambda

  The world's first production car with a unibody (monocoque) chassis and independent front suspension — a quantum leap in 1922.

  Sedan · 1922–1931

• Lancia Aprilia

  Vincenzo Lancia's final design — a pillarless, wind-tunnel-shaped saloon that was aerodynamically ahead of its era.

  Sedan · 1937–1949

• Lancia Aurelia

  The world's first production V6 engine, a rear transaxle, and a Pinin Farina GT coupé — the Aurelia remains one of the most technically advanced cars of the 1950s.

  Sports car · 1950–1958

• Lancia Flaminia

  Lancia's prestige flagship of the late 1950s and 1960s — a V6-powered luxury saloon with coachbuilt coupe and convertible variants by Touring, Zagato, and Pininfarina.

  Full-size car · 1957–1970

• Lancia Fulvia

  A front-wheel-drive compact with a narrow-angle V4 — best known as the Fulvia Coupé HF, which won the International Rally Championship in 1972.

  Compact car · 1963–1976

• Lancia Stratos

  A purpose-built, Ferrari-engined mid-engine rally weapon — three consecutive WRC manufacturers' titles (1974–1976) and one of the most dramatic road cars ever made.

  Sports car · 1973–1978

• Lancia Beta

  Lancia's volume family car of the 1970s — a front-wheel-drive range spanning saloon, coupé, spider, and HPE estate, undermined by corrosion problems in export markets.

  Compact car · 1972–1984

• Lancia Gamma

  Lancia's luxury flagship in the late 1970s — a flat-four-powered saloon and Pininfarina coupé, technically ambitious but commercially limited.

  Mid-size car · 1976–1984

• Lancia Delta

  The most decorated car in WRC history — six consecutive manufacturers' championships from 1987 to 1992 in HF Integrale form, from a humble Giugiaro-designed hatchback.

  Compact car · 1979–1994

• Lancia Thema

  Lancia's executive saloon on the shared Tipo Quattro platform (also Saab 9000, Alfa 164, Fiat Croma) — including the extraordinary Ferrari V8-engined Thema 8·32.

  Executive car · 1984–1994

• Lancia Kappa

  Lancia's flagship in the mid-1990s — a front-wheel-drive executive saloon and coupé that succeeded the Thema.

  Executive car · 1994–2001

• Lancia Thesis

  Lancia's last truly Italian flagship sedan — an ambitious, lavishly equipped executive car that struggled to find buyers outside Italy.

  Executive car · 2002–2009

• Lancia Ypsilon

  Lancia's small-car mainstay and today its only model — four generations from the 1985 Y10 to the 2024 electric Ypsilon, Italy's consistently popular premium supermini.

  Subcompact car · 1985–present

• Ligier JS2

  A mid-engined Maserati V6 grand tourer styled by Pietro Frua — Ligier's sole road-going sports car, produced in tiny numbers before the 1973 oil crisis killed demand.

  Sports car · 1971–1975

• Ligier JS4

  The 49 cc moped-powered quadricycle that launched Ligier's second life — France's best-selling license-free microcar in 1981 with nearly 7,000 units sold that year.

  Microcar · 1980–1987

• Ligier JS6

  The restyled follow-up to the JS4, offering a rounded new face and an upgraded 49 cc Derbi engine pushing the maximum legal 5 hp.

  Microcar · 1984–1987

• Ligier Optima

  Ligier's late-1980s and early-1990s microcar range — originally called the Série 7, renamed Optima in 1989, and offered in two- and four-seat versions.

  Microcar · 1987–1995

• Ligier Ambra

  A compact enclosed microcar that bridged Ligier's 1990s Optima lineage to the modern JS50 era, sold through the 2000s before the brand's 2008 merger with Microcar.

  Microcar · 2001–2011

• Ligier JS50

  Ligier's current flagship microcar — a two-seat enclosed quadricycle available with petrol or diesel engines, and since 2023 in full-electric Myli form.

  Microcar · 2012–present

• Lightyear Lightyear 0

  The world's first long-range solar car — a 625 km WLTP fastback with 5 m² of roof solar cells, priced at €250 000 and produced in tiny numbers before Lightyear's manufacturing collapse.

  Fastback · 2022–2023

• Lightyear Lightyear 2

  Lightyear's planned mass-market solar EV — announced at ~$40,000 with 500+ miles claimed range; a waitlist opened January 2023 but the model never reached production.

  Compact car · 2023–2024

• Lloyd LP 300

  Lloyd's radical post-war debut — a plywood-and-fabric two-stroke microcar that priced under the Beetle and earned the nickname 'Leukoplastbomber'.

  Microcar · 1950–1952

• Lloyd LP 400

  The LP 300's steel-bodied successor — a 386 cc two-stroke that sold nearly 110,000 units and moved Lloyd firmly into the mainstream.

  Microcar · 1953–1957

• Lloyd Lloyd 600 / Alexander

  Lloyd's first four-stroke model — a 596 cc saloon that finally gave the marque a genuine small car and sold over 176,000 units.

  Economy car · 1955–1961

• Lloyd Arabella

  Lloyd's ambitious four-cylinder flagship — a 897 cc flat-four that arrived rushed and troubled, helping tip the Borgward Group into insolvency.

  Economy car · 1959–1963

• Lorraine-Dietrich De Dietrich-Bugatti

  Ettore Bugatti's prize-winning early designs built under licence by De Dietrich, covering Types 3–7 from 1902 to 1904.

  Racing car · 1902–1904

• Lorraine-Dietrich B3-6 (15 CV)

  The 3.4-litre six-cylinder tourer that won Le Mans back-to-back in 1925 and 1926 — the make's definitive and most successful model.

  Touring car · 1922–1932

• Lorraine-Dietrich 12 CV

  Lorraine-Dietrich's smaller four-cylinder tourer — 2,297 cc and more accessible than the 15 CV six, sold until 1929.

  Touring car · 1919–1929

• Lorraine-Dietrich 20 CV

  The final Lorraine-Dietrich model — a 4.1-litre six-cylinder luxury car launched in 1932, too heavy and costly to sell; production ended 1935.

  Luxury car · 1932–1935

• Magna Steyr Puch 500

  Austria's beloved micro-car — a Fiat 500 body fitted with a more powerful flat-twin engine made entirely in Graz, produced 1957–1975.

  City car · 1957–1975

• Magna Steyr Haflinger

  A tiny 4×4 mountain workhorse — Steyr-Puch's answer to the post-war Jeep, built for Austria's alpine terrain.

  Light utility vehicle · 1959–1974

• Magna Steyr Pinzgauer

  A highly capable 4×4 and 6×6 all-terrain vehicle, the Haflinger's successor — used by armed forces worldwide and built in Graz until 2000.

  Military utility vehicle · 1971–2000

• Magna Steyr Mercedes-Benz G-Class

  The iconic G-Wagen — co-developed and hand-assembled in Graz since 1979, sold as the 'Puch G' in Austria and neighbouring markets.

  Off-road SUV · 1979–present

• Magna Steyr BMW X3 (E83)

  BMW's first compact SUV — wholly designed and manufactured by Magna Steyr in Graz for its entire first-generation run.

  Compact SUV · 2003–2010

• Magna Steyr Jaguar I-Pace

  Jaguar's award-winning all-electric SUV — built at Magna Steyr's carbon-neutral Graz facility from 2018 to 2024.

  Electric SUV · 2018–2024

• Magna Steyr Toyota GR Supra

  The fifth-generation Supra — co-developed by Toyota and BMW on a shared platform and assembled exclusively at Magna Steyr's Graz plant from 2019 to 2026.

  Sports car · 2019–2026

• Magna Steyr Fisker Ocean

  Fisker's all-electric SUV, built at Magna Steyr's Graz plant from late 2022 until Fisker Inc.'s bankruptcy ended production in 2024.

  Electric SUV · 2022–2024

• Mansory Carbonado

  Mansory's signature Lamborghini Aventador conversion — debuted at the 2012 Geneva Motor Show and evolved through GT, EVO, and GTS variants reaching over 1,600 hp.

  Supercar · 2012–present

• Mansory Siracusa

  Mansory's carbon-intensive Ferrari 458 Italia conversion, named after the Sicilian circuit and revealed at Frankfurt 2013 with 590 hp and a full aero-sculpted carbon body.

  Supercar · 2013–present

• Mansory La Revoluzione

  A twin-turbocharged 1,200 hp Ferrari F12 Berlinetta conversion with an 'inverse Formula One nose', also debuted at Frankfurt 2013.

  Grand tourer · 2013–present

• Mansory Stallone

  Mansory's Ferrari 812 Superfast and 812 GTS programme — 830 hp, full carbon body, limited to 10 units for the coupe version.

  Grand tourer · 2018–present

• Mansory Vivere

  An ultra-rare Bugatti Veyron 16.4 conversion shown at Geneva 2014 — 1,200 hp, revised carbon body, and just two units produced.

  Hypercar · 2014–2014

• Mansory Gronos

  Mansory's long-running Mercedes-AMG G 63 conversion — debuted in 2013 and continuously updated, now producing up to 820 hp from the 4.0-litre V8.

  SUV · 2013–present

• Mansory Phantom Programme

  Mansory's ongoing Rolls-Royce Phantom conversion line — one of the company's original focus areas, spanning the Phantom VII and VIII with bespoke carbon and interior upgrades.

  Luxury car · 2003–present

• Marussia B1

  Marussia's debut supercar — a mid-engine Cosworth-powered coupé with butterfly doors, unveiled in Moscow in December 2008.

  Sports car · 2008–2014

• Marussia B2

  The harder-edged B2 debuted at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show, sharing the B1's Cosworth drivetrain in a more aggressive body with swan-wing doors.

  Sports car · 2009–2014

• Marussia F2

  A five-door luxury SUV concept revealed in May 2010, designed as a high-tech mobile command platform — never entered series production.

  Concept car · 2010–2010

• Maserati 3500 GT

  Maserati's first mass-produced road car — the Touring-bodied grand tourer that saved the company from bankruptcy and defined its post-racing identity.

  Grand tourer · 1957–1964

• Maserati Ghibli (1967)

  A Giugiaro masterpiece at Ghia — the quad-cam V8 low-slung coupe widely regarded as one of the most beautiful Italian cars of the 1960s.

  Grand tourer · 1967–1973

• Maserati Quattroporte

  Italy's answer to the sport sedan — six generations of the world's fastest four-door, from a 1963 V8 Pietro Frua design to the 2013 Ferrari-engined flagship.

  Full-size luxury car · 1963–2023

• Maserati Bora

  Maserati's first mid-engine road car — a Giugiaro-designed GT that brought Citroën's hydraulic wizardry to Italian supercar packaging.

  Sports car · 1971–1978

• Maserati Merak

  The Bora's smaller-engined, 2+2 sibling — sharing its Giugiaro body but powered by a Citroën-sourced V6, later upgraded to the Merak SS.

  Sports car · 1972–1983

• Maserati Biturbo

  The world's first mass-market twin-turbocharged production car — controversial in quality but pivotal in keeping Maserati alive through the 1980s.

  Grand tourer · 1981–1994

• Maserati 3200 GT

  Maserati's comeback coupe under Ferrari stewardship — a Giugiaro-designed GT with LED boomerang taillights and twin-turbo V8.

  Grand tourer · 1998–2002

• Maserati Coupé / Spyder

  The Ferrari-V8 successors to the 3200 GT — the Coupé and Spyder brought a 4.2-litre Ferrari-derived engine and a Cambiocorsa paddle-shift option.

  Grand tourer · 2001–2007

• Maserati GranTurismo

  Maserati's signature 2+2 grand tourer — a Ferrari-engined V8 icon in its first generation, now reborn with a twin-turbo V6 and an electric Folgore.

  Grand tourer · 2007–present

• Maserati Ghibli

  Maserati's volume mid-size sedan revival — the model that made Maserati accessible to a new global audience, becoming the brand's best-seller.

  Mid-size luxury car · 2013–2023

• Maserati Levante

  Maserati's first-ever SUV — the mid-size crossover that brought the trident badge to the booming luxury SUV market and became a volume anchor for the brand.

  Mid-size SUV · 2016–2024

• Maserati MC20

  Maserati's re-entry into the supercar arena — a mid-engine coupe powered by the all-new Nettuno twin-turbo V6 with pre-chamber F1-derived combustion technology.

  Sports car · 2021–present

• Maserati Grecale

  Maserati's compact luxury SUV — sharing the Alfa Romeo Giorgio/Stelvio platform but with full Maserati character, including a 530 PS Trofeo V6.

  Compact SUV · 2023–present

• Matra Djet

  The world's first rear mid-engined production road car — originally a René Bonnet design, refined and continued by Matra from 1965 to 1968.

  Sports car · 1965–1968

• Matra M530

  Matra's first fully original sports car — a mid-engine 2+2 targa with Ford V4 power, designed in-house after the Djet's acquisition origins.

  Sports car · 1967–1973

• Matra Bagheera

  Matra's three-abreast mid-engine sports car — an unconventional fiberglass coupé with Simca power, sold as Matra-Simca then Talbot-Matra.

  Sports car · 1973–1980

• Matra Murena

  The Bagheera's rust-proof successor — a three-seat mid-engine coupé with the first all-galvanised steel chassis of any production car, built 1980–1983.

  Sports car · 1980–1983

• Matra Rancho

  Europe's original lifestyle off-roader — a front-wheel-drive leisure vehicle built on a Simca 1100 platform, foreshadowing the modern crossover.

  Crossover SUV · 1977–1984

• Matra Espace (for Renault)

  Europe's first true minivan, designed by Matra and contract-built at Romorantin for Renault across three generations — the vehicle that defined the MPV segment.

  Minivan · 1984–2002

• Matra Avantime (for Renault)

  Matra's final vehicle — a pillarless MPV-coupé grand tourer built for Renault from 2001 to 2003, with only 8,557 produced before its commercial failure closed the factory.

  Grand tourer · 2001–2003

• Maybach W3

  Maybach's debut automobile — Germany's first car with four-wheel brakes, introduced at the 1921 Berlin Motor Show.

  Luxury car · 1921–1928

• Maybach W5

  The enlarged successor to the W3 — a 7-litre inline-six limousine that raised Maybach's performance and comfort benchmark.

  Luxury car · 1926–1931

• Maybach Zeppelin (DS7 / DS8)

  Maybach's flagship pre-war masterpiece — a massive V12 limousine named for the airships that powered the company's founding.

  Luxury car · 1929–1938

• Maybach SW38 / SW42

  Maybach's more accessible pre-war inline-six series — the SW35, SW38, and SW42 that kept the marque viable through the late 1930s.

  Luxury car · 1935–1941

• Maybach 57 / 62

  DaimlerChrysler's bold but ultimately unsuccessful attempt to revive Maybach as a standalone ultra-luxury rival to Rolls-Royce — 3,321 built.

  Luxury car · 2002–2012

• Maybach Exelero

  A one-off twin-turbo V12 supercar built for Fulda tires on the Maybach 57 platform — set a 351 km/h speed record in 2005.

  Sports car · 2005–2005

• Maybach Mercedes-Maybach S-Class

  The S-Class in its most opulent form — the Mercedes-Maybach sub-brand's flagship sedan, with over 60,000 delivered since 2015.

  Luxury car · 2015–present

• Maybach Mercedes-Maybach GLS 600

  Mercedes-Maybach's ultra-luxury full-size SUV — a four-seat GLS with a twin-turbo V8 and bespoke rear cabin, built in Alabama from 2020.

  SUV · 2020–present

• Mazzanti Antas

  The Faralli & Mazzanti debut — a hand-formed aluminium grand tourer with a Maserati 4.7-litre V8, debuted at Top Marques Monaco 2006.

  Sports car · 2006–2010

• Mazzanti Evantra

  Mazzanti's sole current model — a mid-engine, American V8-powered handbuilt coupé (and open Pura variant) that has evolved from 701 hp to over 1,100 hp in the Millecavalli R.

  Sports car · 2013–present

• Mega Mega Track

  A V12-powered off-road-capable supercar — one of only five or six ever built, presented at the 1992 Paris Motor Show.

  Sports car · 1992–1999

• Mega Mega Club / Ranch

  A modular open-body leisure car on Citroën AX underpinnings — Mega's spiritual successor to the Citroën Méhari.

  Compact car · 1992–1998

• Mega Mega Monte Carlo

  A mid-engine V12 grand tourer acquired by Mega from Monte-Carlo Automobile and relaunched at the 1996 Geneva Motor Show.

  Sports car · 1996–1999

• Melkus RS 1000

  East Germany's only production sports car — 101 fiberglass gullwing coupes powered by a tuned Wartburg three-cylinder, built in Dresden between 1969 and 1979.

  Sports car · 1969–1979

• Melkus RS 2000

  A modern revival sports car launched at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show by Heinz's son Peter Melkus — lightweight two-seater with Volkswagen or Opel power, ended by insolvency in 2012.

  Sports car · 2009–2012

• Mercedes-Benz S-Class

  The flagship sedan and benchmark luxury car — showcase for the brand's newest technology since 1972.

  Full-size luxury car · 1972–present

  55 model years

• Mercedes-Benz 300SL

  The 1950s 'Gullwing' — the fuel-injected, gull-winged sports car, among the most coveted cars ever built.

  Sports car · 1954–1963

• Mercedes-Benz 190E (W201)

  The compact 'Baby Benz' that founded Mercedes' entry-level line — including the Cosworth-engined 2.3-16.

  Compact executive car · 1982–1993

• Mercedes-Benz C-Class

  Mercedes' compact executive sedan since 1993 — the volume entry into the brand, home of the C63 AMG.

  Compact executive car · 1993–present

• Mercedes-Benz E-Class

  Mercedes' mid-size executive car — core of the range, with the deepest body-style lineup and E63 AMG.

  Executive car · 1993–present

• Mercedes-Benz A-Class

  Mercedes' smallest car — a tall hatchback at first, later a conventional front-drive hatch and sedan.

  Subcompact executive car · 1997–present

• Mercedes-Benz B-Class

  A practical compact people-mover on the A-Class platform — sold in many markets, briefly as a US EV.

  Compact MPV · 2005–present

• Mercedes-Benz CLS

  The car that invented the 'four-door coupe' — a sleek, fastback take on the E-Class.

  Executive car · 2004–2023

• Mercedes-Benz CLA

  A compact 'four-door coupe' on the A-Class platform — the affordable entry into the brand's style line.

  Subcompact executive car · 2014–present

• Mercedes-Benz SL

  Mercedes' long-running luxury roadster line — 'Sport Leicht' — from the 1950s 300SL to today's AMG SL.

  Grand tourer · 1954–present

• Mercedes-Benz SLK / SLC

  A compact folding-hardtop roadster — the affordable SL, renamed SLC in 2016.

  Roadster · 1996–2020

• Mercedes-Benz AMG GT

  AMG's front-engine V8 sports car — successor to the SLS AMG, with a long-hood, fastback shape.

  Sports car · 2015–present

• Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG

  AMG's first ground-up car — a modern gullwing supercar paying homage to the 1950s 300SL.

  Sports car · 2011–2014

• Mercedes-Benz G-Class

  The boxy, ladder-frame 'G-Wagen' off-roader — a 1979 military-rooted 4x4 turned ultra-luxury icon.

  Full-size luxury SUV · 1979–present

• Mercedes-Benz GLE (M-Class)

  Mercedes' mid-size SUV — launched in 1998 as the US-built M-Class (ML), renamed GLE in 2015.

  Mid-size luxury SUV · 1998–present

• Mercedes-Benz GLS (GL-Class)

  Mercedes' largest SUV — a three-row, full-size flagship, launched as the GL-Class.

  Full-size luxury SUV · 2007–present

• Mercedes-Benz GLC (GLK)

  Mercedes' compact SUV — the boxy GLK first, renamed GLC in 2015 and now a best-seller.

  Compact luxury SUV · 2009–present

• Mercedes-Benz GLA

  Mercedes' entry-level crossover on the front-drive compact platform — the SUV companion to the A-Class.

  Subcompact luxury SUV · 2015–present

• Mercedes-Benz GLB

  A boxy compact crossover with available three-row seating, on the front-drive compact platform.

  Subcompact luxury SUV · 2020–present

• Mercedes-Benz R-Class

  A long, three-row luxury 'grand sports tourer' — a wagon/MPV/SUV hybrid that found a niche market.

  Mid-size luxury MPV · 2006–2012

• Messerschmitt KR175

  The original Kabinenroller — a 173 cc bubble-canopy three-wheeler that put Messerschmitt on the road in 1953.

  Microcar · 1953–1955

• Messerschmitt KR200

  The definitive Kabinenroller — nearly 30,000 built, the KR200 is the bubble car that made Messerschmitt famous.

  Microcar · 1955–1964

• Messerschmitt FMR Tg500

  The 'Tiger' — a four-wheeled, twin-cylinder sports variant capable of 78 mph, built in tiny numbers during 1957–1961.

  Microcar · 1957–1961

• Microcar Virgo

  Microcar's best-selling 1990s quadricycle — a 505 cc Lombardini-engined hatchback that represented the bulk of the brand's sales through 2003.

  Microcar · 1996–2003

• Microcar MC1 / MC2

  Microcar's 2000s flagship quadricycle pair — the MC1 a two-seater and the MC2 a long-wheelbase four-seater, both powered by a 505 cc Lombardini twin.

  Microcar · 2003–2009

• Microcar M.Go

  The modern face of Microcar — a three-door quadricycle hatchback offered in petrol, diesel, and full-electric versions from 2009 onward.

  Microcar · 2009–2025

• Microcar Dué

  Microcar's final and most modern quadricycle — a three-door hatchback produced from 2013 until the brand's closure in early 2025.

  Microcar · 2013–2025

• Microcar NewStreet

  Microcar's small open-top roadster of the late 1990s — a stylish licence-exempt cabriolet aimed at younger urban drivers.

  Microcar · 1996–2002

• Microlino Microlino

  The two-seat electric bubble car that revived the Isetta formula — a front-opening door, 90 km/h top speed, and up to 230 km of range in a package smaller than a Smart ForTwo.

  Microcar · 2022–present

• Microlino Microlino Lite

  A lighter, slower L6e-class sibling to the Microlino 2.0, drivable on a moped licence in many European countries with a 45 km/h top speed.

  Microcar · 2024–present

• Microlino Microlino Spiaggina

  A limited open-sided beach-car variant of the Microlino, unveiled at the 2024 Paris Motor Show and inspired by the Fiat 600 Jolly and Citroën Méhari.

  Microcar · 2024–present

• Minerva Early Models (1902–1907)

  Minerva's founding-era automobiles — multi-cylinder chain-drive cars that won the 1907 Belgian Circuit des Ardennes with the 8-litre Kaiserpreis.

  Touring car · 1902–1907

• Minerva 30CV

  Post-WWI flagship six-cylinder — a 5.3-litre Knight sleeve-valve grand tourer that placed Minerva among Europe's top luxury marques.

  Luxury car · 1920–1927

• Minerva Type AK

  Minerva's definitive interwar grand tourer — a 6.0-litre sleeve-valve six capable of 90 mph, bodied by the finest coachbuilders in Europe and America.

  Luxury car · 1927–1937

• Minerva Type AL

  Minerva's ultra-rare 6.6-litre straight-eight — fewer than fifty built, launched at the worst possible moment as the Depression killed demand for opulent cars.

  Luxury car · 1930–1934

• Minerva Type AP

  The more attainable of Minerva's 1930 straight-eights — a 4.0-litre, 22CV model that outlasted the marque itself, still sold under the Minerva name by Impéria until 1938.

  Luxury car · 1930–1938

• Minerva M4

  Minerva's last-gasp attempt at a smaller, Depression-era car — a 2-litre four-cylinder saloon that retained the sleeve-valve engine but could not save the company.

  Saloon · 1934–1935

• Monteverdi High Speed 375

  The founding model — a Chrysler 440 V8-powered Swiss grand tourer with Italian coachwork by Frua then Fissore, produced 1967–1976.

  Grand tourer · 1967–1976

• Monteverdi Hai 450 SS

  A magenta mid-engine supercar prototype with a 426 Hemi V8, unveiled at Geneva 1970 — Monteverdi's unanswered challenge to Lamborghini.

  Sports car · 1970–1970

• Monteverdi Safari

  Monteverdi's best-seller — a luxury International Scout with Fissore coachwork and optional Chrysler 440 V8, produced 1976–1982.

  Off-road SUV · 1976–1982

• Monteverdi Range Rover Monteverdi

  A bespoke four-door Range Rover conversion built with Land Rover's cooperation at Fissore's factory — around 167 produced before Land Rover launched its own four-door.

  Off-road SUV · 1980–1982

• Monteverdi Sierra

  A Fissore-rebodied Dodge Aspen/Plymouth Volaré luxury saloon and convertible — approximately 20 built, 1977–1980.

  Luxury car · 1977–1980

• Moretti La Cita

  Moretti's first production car — a Piedmontese-dialect word for 'small', a post-war microcar with a 350 cc twin and a sleek two-door body.

  Microcar · 1947–1949

• Moretti 750 Gran Sport

  Moretti's celebrated twin-cam 750 cc sports racer — Michelotti-bodied barchetta and berlinetta variants that dominated their class in Italian events and contested Le Mans.

  Sports car · 1953–1956

• Moretti 600 Gran Lusso

  A Michelotti-styled luxury re-body of the Fiat 600 — Moretti's first major Fiat-based custom, priced at roughly twice the donor car.

  Compact car · 1955–1961

• Moretti Minimaxi

  A Fiat 500-based open beach car with a folding windshield — sources vary, but only roughly 80–90 were built, making it one of the rarest Moretti specials.

  Microcar · 1970–1973

• Moretti Midimaxi

  A Fiat 127-based mini off-roader and beach car — slightly larger than the Minimaxi, aimed at the growing leisure-vehicle market.

  Compact off-roader · 1971–1984

• Moretti Paguro

  A stretched Fiat 127-based pickup truck and van — Moretti's utility-focused successor to the Midimaxi.

  Compact pickup / van · 1977–1985

• Moretti Ital Uno Turbo

  Moretti's final car — a turbocharged Fiat Uno special, a handful of which were exported to the United States.

  Hatchback · 1989–1989

• Moskvitch Moskvitch 400/401

  The Soviet Union's first mass-produced private car — an Opel Kadett-derived compact that rolled out of Moscow in December 1946.

  Compact car · 1946–1956

• Moskvitch Moskvitch 407

  The first Soviet car to genuinely succeed in Western export markets — up to half of all 407s built went abroad.

  Compact car · 1958–1964

• Moskvitch Moskvitch 408/412

  The 408 and 412 — mechanically twin but engine-different — were the first Soviet cars designed with deliberate safety features and strong rally credentials.

  Compact car · 1964–1976

• Moskvitch Moskvitch 2140

  The last evolution of the classic 412-era platform — an updated compact sold across the USSR and Eastern Bloc through 1988.

  Compact car · 1976–1988

• Moskvitch Moskvitch 2141 Aleko

  The Aleko — Moskvitch's bold front-wheel-drive hatchback of 1986, the most modern Soviet-era car the factory ever produced.

  Compact car · 1986–2002

• Moskvitch Moskvitch 3 / 3e

  The revived Moskvitch brand's launch model — a rebadged JAC Sehol X4 compact crossover assembled in Moscow, with a petrol and a fully electric variant.

  Crossover SUV · 2022–present

• Moskvitch Moskvitch 6

  A liftback-style compact sedan added to the revived Moskvitch range in 2023, based on JAC underpinnings.

  Compact car · 2023–present

• Nardi 750 Nardi-Danese

  Fiat 500-chassised hillclimb racer powered by a surplus BMW R75 flat-twin — the car that put Nardi on the Italian motorsport map.

  Racing car · 1947–1953

• Nardi Bisiluro Damolnar

  The strangest car to start the 1955 Le Mans — a twin-boom Mollino-designed torpedo that weighed just 400 kg and is now in a Milan museum.

  Racing car · 1955–1955

• Nardi Raggio Azzurro

  Two Michelotti-styled Lancia Aurelia-based show cars — the bubble-topped 1955 Blue Ray I and the grand-touring 1958 Blue Ray II by Vignale.

  Sports car · 1955–1958

• Nardi Silver Ray

  One-off 1960 coupe — a Plymouth Golden Commando V8 in an Alfa Romeo-derived tube frame, bodied by Michelotti, built for American client William Simpson.

  Sports car · 1960–1960

• NEVS 9-3

  A brief petrol revival of the Saab 9-3 platform at Trollhättan — roughly 200 cars built December 2013 to May 2014 before cash-flow problems shut the line.

  Compact executive car · 2013–2014

• NEVS 9-3 EV

  NEVS's battery-electric reboot of the Saab 9-3 platform — 130 kW motor, CATL battery, ~300 km range — built in Tianjin, China from June 2019 to 2022.

  Compact executive car · 2019–2022

• NEVS Sango

  NEVS's self-driving ride-sharing pod (2020) — a six-passenger Level 4 autonomous shuttle developed with AutoX, tested at Trollhättan, never commercialized.

  Autonomous shuttle · 2020–2023

• NEVS Emily GT

  A secret all-electric grand-touring sedan built in ten months by ex-Saab engineers — four in-wheel motors, 175 kWh battery targeting ~600-mile range — mothballed when NEVS froze operations.

  Electric sports sedan · 2020–2023

• NSU Prinz

  NSU's post-war people's car — a rear-engined, air-cooled minicar that sold over a million units across fifteen years.

  Subcompact car · 1958–1973

• NSU Typ 110 / 1200

  A stretched Prinz 1000 with more interior room, sold as the Typ 110 from 1965 then rebranded the NSU 1200 from 1967.

  Compact car · 1965–1972

• NSU TT / TTS

  The hot-rod Prinz 1000 — a lightweight rear-engine screamer that won 29 national hillclimb and circuit championships.

  Compact car · 1967–1972

• NSU Wankel Spider

  The world's first production car with a Wankel rotary engine — a Bertone-bodied open two-seater, 2,375 built.

  Roadster · 1964–1967

• NSU Ro 80

  The 1968 Car of the Year and NSU's last model — a visionary twin-rotor Wankel executive sedan whose engine troubles ultimately ended the NSU marque.

  Executive car · 1967–1977

• OM Tipo S305

  OM's debut automobile (1918), a large four-cylinder touring car derived from the pre-war Züst design.

  Touring car · 1918–1923

• OM Tipo 469

  OM's 1.5-litre four-cylinder sports car (from 1921) — an early competition machine that preceded and inspired the six-cylinder Superba.

  Sports car · 1921–1930

• OM 665 Superba

  OM's celebrated six-cylinder sports car — winner of the inaugural 1927 Mille Miglia in a 1-2-3 sweep; nicknamed 'Superba' by the public.

  Sports car · 1923–1932

• OM OMV Alcyone

  OM's final prototype (1934) — a modern saloon with hydraulic brakes and synchromesh gearbox that never reached production after Fiat's takeover.

  Saloon · 1934–1934

• Opel Rekord

  Opel's long-running mid-size family car — eight generations across 33 years, with roughly ten million sold.

  Mid-size car · 1953–1986

• Opel Kadett

  Opel's defining compact — five post-war generations from 1962 to 1991, succeeded by the Astra.

  Compact car · 1936–1991

• Opel GT

  Opel's Corvette-inspired two-seat sports car — 103,000 built, sold at Buick dealers in North America.

  Sports car · 1968–1973

• Opel Manta

  Opel's stylish rear-drive coupe (1970–1988) — a Ford Capri rival that became a 1980s cult classic.

  Sports car · 1970–1988

• Opel Vectra

  Opel's mid-size family car for twenty years — successor to the Ascona, eventually replaced by the Insignia.

  Mid-size car · 1988–2008

• Opel Omega

  Opel's rear-wheel-drive executive saloon — successor to the Rekord and the brand's flagship until 2003.

  Executive car · 1986–2003

• Opel Calibra

  Opel's aerodynamic 2+2 coupe of the 1990s — at launch the world's most aerodynamic production car, with a Cd of 0.26.

  Sports car · 1989–1997

• Opel Insignia

  Opel's European Car of the Year 2009 — the modern executive hatchback/estate that replaced the Vectra.

  Mid-size car · 2008–2022

• Opel Corsa

  Opel's best-selling supermini — six generations and over 14 million sold since 1982, now available as the electric Corsa-e.

  Subcompact car · 1982–present

• Opel Astra

  The direct Kadett successor — Opel's compact car flagship for over 30 years and a perennial European sales leader.

  Compact car · 1991–present

• Opel Zafira

  Opel's flexible seven-seat compact MPV — three generations between 1999 and 2019, noted for its innovative Flex7 seating.

  Minivan · 1999–2019

• Opel Mokka

  Opel's small urban crossover — over 600,000 orders at launch, now in its second generation as the first Opel sold with an electric option at launch.

  Subcompact SUV · 2012–present

• Opel Grandland

  Opel's compact crossover above the Mokka — shared with the Peugeot 3008, available as a plug-in hybrid.

  Compact SUV · 2017–present

• OSCA MT4

  The Maserati brothers' first OSCA, a 1.1-litre twin-cam barchetta sports racer that scored an overall victory at the 1954 12 Hours of Sebring.

  Sports car · 1948–1956

• OSCA FS 372

  A five-car run of desmodromic-valve sports-racers built for Formula 2 and sports-car racing, evolved from the final MT4 engine.

  Racing car · 1957–1959

• OSCA 1500S

  OSCA's twin-cam 1491 cc engine dropped into a Pininfarina-bodied Fiat coupe and convertible, giving the mainstream Fiat genuine sports-car credentials.

  Sports car · 1959–1962

• OSCA 1600S

  The uprated successor to the 1500S — engine bored to 1568 cc for 100 PS SAE — continuing the OSCA-powered Fiat Pininfarina coupe and convertible through 1966.

  Sports car · 1962–1966

• OSCA 1600 GT

  A low-volume GT coupe on OSCA's own tubular chassis — bodied mainly by Zagato with its signature double-bubble roof — powered by a 140 bhp twin-cam 1568 cc four.

  Sports car · 1960–1965

• Pagani Zonda

  Pagani's debut masterpiece — a hand-built, Mercedes V12-powered hypercar produced from 1999 to 2019 in roughly 140 examples across a cascade of variants.

  Supercar · 1999–2019

• Pagani Huayra

  Pagani's second model — a twin-turbocharged, AMG V12-powered hypercar revealed in 2011, spanning 100 base coupés and a cascade of variants including the Roadster BC, R, and Codalunga.

  Supercar · 2011–present

• Pagani Utopia

  Pagani's third model — revealed in 2022 and delivered from 2023, the Utopia offers a 864-hp twin-turbo V12 with an optional seven-speed manual gearbox across 99 coupés and 130 roadsters.

  Supercar · 2023–present

• Panhard Dynamic

  Panhard's Art Deco masterpiece — a streamlined, center-driving-position saloon that was the last sleeve-valve production car in the world.

  Saloon · 1936–1940

• Panhard Dyna X

  The world's first mass-produced car with an all-aluminum body — a postwar French economy car that rebuilt Panhard's factory after the Occupation.

  Economy car · 1948–1954

• Panhard Dyna Z

  Panhard's aerodynamic masterpiece of the 1950s — a drag coefficient of 0.26, top speed over 80 mph, and 46 mpg from an 851 cc flat-twin.

  Economy car · 1954–1959

• Panhard PL 17

  Panhard's final mainstream saloon — a Monte Carlo Rally winner with a 0.26 Cd, powered by an 851 cc air-cooled twin in Tigre tune.

  Economy car · 1959–1965

• Panhard 24

  Panhard's final passenger car — a sleek 2+2 coupé that ended civilian production in July 1967 with only 26,962 units built.

  Coupe · 1963–1967

• Pegaso Z-102

  ENASA's all-alloy quad-cam V8 supercar (1951–1958) — around 84 built, and briefly the fastest production car in the world.

  Sports car · 1951–1958

• Pegaso Z-103

  The simplified successor to the Z-102 — larger but less exotic engines, only 3 examples built.

  Sports car · 1956–1958

• Peugeot 404

  A Pininfarina-styled rear-drive classic — Africa's most durable taxi and a multi-winner of the World Cup Cross-Country Rally.

  Mid-size car · 1960–1975

• Peugeot 504

  1969 European Car of the Year — a rear-drive Pininfarina icon that sold 3 million in Europe and kept rolling in Africa until 2006.

  Mid-size car · 1968–1983

• Peugeot 205

  The hot hatch that saved Peugeot — 5.2 million sold and the 205 GTI remains one of the greatest driver's cars of the 1980s.

  Subcompact car · 1983–1998

• Peugeot 206

  Peugeot's all-time best-seller — over 8.3 million built, Europe's top-selling car three years running.

  Subcompact car · 1998–2010

• Peugeot 207

  The 206's larger, safer successor — a transitional supermini before the award-winning 208 arrived.

  Subcompact car · 2006–2012

• Peugeot 208

  A sharper, lighter supermini with a 200-hp GTi and the award-winning e-208 electric variant.

  Subcompact car · 2012–present

• Peugeot 306

  A critically acclaimed compact hatchback whose GTI-6 was widely regarded as the true spiritual successor to the 205 GTI.

  Compact car · 1993–2002

• Peugeot 307

  A larger, more practical compact that won European Car of the Year 2002 and offered a notable panoramic-glass roof option.

  Compact car · 2001–2008

• Peugeot 308

  Peugeot's current mainstream compact — two European Car of the Year wins across three generations and a sharp-handling GTi.

  Compact car · 2007–present

• Peugeot 405

  European Car of the Year 1988 — a Pininfarina-designed family saloon that brought Peugeot back to the mid-size mainstream.

  Mid-size car · 1987–1997

• Peugeot 406

  A well-regarded family saloon whose Pininfarina-designed coupe — with a V6 option — became a sought-after classic.

  Mid-size car · 1995–2004

• Peugeot 508

  Peugeot's premium saloon reinvented as a dramatic fastback for its second generation — with plug-in hybrid power.

  Mid-size car · 2010–present

• Peugeot 2008

  Peugeot's entry crossover — positioned below the 3008, with an e-2008 electric variant from the second generation.

  Subcompact SUV · 2013–present

• Peugeot 3008

  Two-time Car of the Year award winner — the compact SUV that transformed Peugeot's fortunes in the crossover era.

  Compact SUV · 2009–present

• Peugeot 5008

  Peugeot's seven-seat family SUV, sibling to the 3008 and a practical rival to the Skoda Kodiaq.

  Mid-size SUV · 2009–present

• PGO Speedster II

  PGO's long-running retro open-top sports car — debuted at the 2000 Paris Motor Show with Porsche 356 styling cues and a mid-mounted engine.

  Roadster · 2000–present

• PGO Cévennes

  PGO's more refined open roadster introduced in 2005 — named after the Cévennes mountain range near the factory, available with an optional removable hardtop.

  Roadster · 2005–present

• PGO Hemera

  PGO's 356-inspired closed coupe — debuted at the 2008 Paris Motor Show with a mid-mounted engine and a body drawn from the same Porsche 356 design language.

  Sports car · 2008–present

• Piccard-Pictet 20/24 hp Touring Four

  The founding Pic-Pic — a Marc Birkigt-designed inline-four tourer badged 'S.A.G.' that launched the marque at the 1906 Geneva show.

  Touring car · 1906–1911

• Piccard-Pictet 14/16 hp Monobloc Four

  A smaller, modern 2.4-litre monobloc four — the first car sold under the Piccard-Pictet name after the S.A.G. era ended.

  Touring car · 1910–1912

• Piccard-Pictet 30 hp Sleeve-Valve Tourer

  Switzerland's most advanced pre-war tourer — an early adopter of the Burt-McCollum single-sleeve-valve engine, praised for refinement and silence.

  Touring car · 1912–1920

• Piccard-Pictet V8 Sleeve-Valve

  A rare and ambitious post-war V8 tourer — Pic-Pic's last major technical statement before the company's collapse.

  Touring car · 1919–1924

• Piccard-Pictet 2.9-litre Sleeve-Valve Four

  The more accessible post-war Pic-Pic — a 2.9-litre sleeve-valve four produced alongside the V8 in the marque's final years.

  Touring car · 1919–1924

• Pininfarina Battista

  The first Pininfarina-badged production car — a 1,900 hp all-electric hypercar, limited to 150 units, named after the company's founder.

  Electric hypercar · 2022–present

• Pininfarina B95

  An ultra-limited open-top electric barchetta — just 10 units, each individually crafted, celebrating Pininfarina's 95th anniversary.

  Electric hypercar · 2025–present

• Polestar Polestar 1

  Polestar's carbon-fibre launch car — a 619-hp plug-in hybrid GT coupe hand-built in just 1,500 examples.

  Sports car · 2019–2022

• Polestar Polestar 2

  Polestar's best-selling battery-electric liftback — a premium compact rival to the Tesla Model 3, offered in single- and dual-motor forms.

  Compact car · 2020–present

• Polestar Polestar 3

  Polestar's premium electric mid-size SUV — related to the Volvo EX90 and built in both China and South Carolina.

  Mid-size SUV · 2024–present

• Polestar Polestar 4

  A sleek windowless-roof coupe-SUV — the Polestar 4 replaces the rear window with an interior camera display for an uncompromised roofline.

  Compact SUV · 2024–present

• Polestar Polestar 5

  Polestar's flagship four-door electric GT — a 748-hp bonded-aluminium performance sedan priced from around $135,000.

  Electric car · 2026–present

• Porsche 356

  The car that started it all — a lightweight, Volkswagen-mechanicked sports car hand-built from 1948 to 1965 that gave birth to a dynasty.

  Sports car · 1948–1965

• Porsche 911

  The world's most recognizable sports car — a rear-engine, air-cooled (later water-cooled) icon that has evolved through eight generations without ever losing its essential character.

  Sports car · 1964–present

• Porsche 924

  Porsche's entry-level front-engine 2+2 coupe — born from a VW project, it divided purists but saved the company financially in the late 1970s.

  Sports car · 1976–1988

• Porsche 928

  A luxury V8-powered grand tourer Porsche designed as a potential 911 replacement — it never replaced the 911 but earned its own devoted following.

  Grand tourer · 1978–1995

• Porsche 944

  The 924's more serious successor — Porsche's own four-cylinder engine, wider bodywork, and much stronger performance made it the best-selling Porsche of its era.

  Sports car · 1982–1991

• Porsche 968

  The final evolution of the 924/944 transaxle platform — 80 percent new, with a 3.0-litre four-cylinder and sharp handling that earned late-career critical respect.

  Sports car · 1991–1995

• Porsche Boxster / 718 Boxster

  Porsche's mid-engine roadster — the car that rescued Porsche in the 1990s and remains one of the world's best-handling open sports cars.

  Sports car · 1996–present

• Porsche Cayman / 718 Cayman

  The Boxster's fixed-roof coupe sibling — praised by many as the purest Porsche driver's car, with a stiffer structure and the mid-engine balance of a coupe.

  Sports car · 2005–present

• Porsche Cayenne

  Porsche's first SUV and its best-selling model — the Cayenne transformed the company's finances and proved a performance SUV could carry the Porsche badge.

  Mid-size SUV · 2002–present

• Porsche Macan

  Porsche's compact crossover — the brand's consistent global best-seller since its 2014 launch, with a new fully electric second generation.

  Compact SUV · 2014–present

• Porsche Panamera

  Porsche's four-door luxury sports sedan — a bold step into the executive GT segment that went from polarizing to benchmark.

  Grand tourer · 2009–present

• Porsche Taycan

  Porsche's first all-electric car — a 800-volt performance EV that launched in 2020 and immediately set the benchmark for electric sports sedans.

  Electric car · 2019–present

• Praga Grand

  Praga's flagship pre-war luxury car — a four- and eight-cylinder saloon that served Austro-Hungarian army staff and Czechoslovakia's first president.

  Full-size car · 1912–1932

• Praga Alfa

  Praga's mass-market workhorse — a compact, affordable car produced for nearly three decades and totalling around 9,250 units.

  Compact car · 1913–1942

• Praga Baby

  A Depression-era economy car that won 'most elegant small car' at the 1934 Berlin Show — roughly 4,200 built in just three years.

  Subcompact car · 1934–1937

• Praga Lady

  Praga's last passenger car — a mid-size saloon produced in eight series and, after WWII, in small numbers for government use until 1947.

  Mid-size car · 1935–1947

• Praga R1

  Praga's carbon-fibre racing car — a mid-engined, turbocharged track weapon that competes in endurance and sprint series worldwide.

  Sports car · 2013–present

• Praga Bohema

  A 700 hp, 89-unit limited hypercar on a carbon-fibre chassis — Praga's most ambitious road car, powered by a Nissan GT-R-derived twin-turbo V6.

  Sports car · 2023–present

• Protos 17/35 PS

  Protos's first series-production model — a 4.6-litre four-cylinder tourer that established the marque's reputation for smooth, reliable running.

  Touring car · 1905–1908

• Protos Type E1 (18/42 PS)

  The longest-running pre-war Protos — an 18/42 PS four-cylinder that kept the marque at the top of the German luxury market through the Siemens era.

  Touring car · 1906–1914

• Protos 26/50 PS

  Protos's flagship six-cylinder — a 6.8-litre tourer admired by Kaiser Wilhelm II and among the most prestigious German cars of its day.

  Luxury car · 1908–1914

• Protos Type C

  Protos's sole post-WWI model — a rationalized 2.6-litre four-cylinder tourer that kept the marque alive through the difficult early Weimar years.

  Touring car · 1919–1923

• Protos Type C1

  The final Protos — an uprated 45 hp version of the Type C that carried the marque to its 1926 merger with NAG.

  Touring car · 1923–1926

• Puch Puch 500

  Austria's beloved city car — a Fiat 500 body paired with a uniquely Austrian flat-twin engine that could embarrass far larger cars in Alpine rallying.

  City car · 1957–1975

• Puch Haflinger

  A brilliantly engineered micro 4WD — 643 cc, portal axles, selectable four-wheel drive, and light enough for four soldiers to carry.

  Utility vehicle · 1959–1974

• Puch Pinzgauer

  The Haflinger scaled up — a high-mobility 4×4 and 6×6 military utility truck used by armies across the world for three decades.

  Military utility vehicle · 1971–2000

• Puch Puch G

  The original G-Class, built in Graz — sold as the Puch G in Austria, Switzerland, and Eastern Europe while the rest of the world called it the Mercedes G-Wagen.

  SUV · 1979–1987

• Qvale Mangusta

  A limited-production Italian roadster designed by Marcello Gandini with a Ford 4.6L V8 and a signature three-position 'roto-top' roof, built in Modena in a run of just 284 cars.

  Sports car · 2000–2002

• Renault 4CV

  Renault's first postwar car — a rear-engined economy saloon that became the first French model to sell over a million units.

  Economy car · 1947–1961

• Renault Dauphine

  The 4CV's larger, rounder successor — a rear-engined compact that sold over two million units and briefly conquered the American market.

  Economy car · 1956–1967

• Renault Renault 4

  The world's first mass-produced hatchback — a 31-year 'blue jeans' car that sold over 8 million units across 28 countries.

  Economy car · 1961–1992

• Renault Renault 5

  France's best-selling car through the 1970s and 1980s — a Michel Boué-styled supermini that defined the segment across two generations.

  Supermini · 1972–1996

• Renault Renault 16

  The car that won the first European Car of the Year award for France — and proved the five-door hatchback as a practical family-car format.

  Mid-size car · 1965–1980

• Renault Espace

  Europe's first production MPV — Renault's 1984 Espace invented the minivan concept for the continent, spawning decades of family monovolumes.

  Minivan · 1984–present

• Renault Clio

  Renault's best-selling supermini — twice-crowned European Car of the Year, now in its sixth generation, and home to the hot Clio Williams and Clio RS.

  Supermini · 1990–present

• Renault Twingo

  A distinctive single-volume city car (1993–2024) — 2.6 million first-generation units made it one of Europe's most successful minicars.

  City car · 1993–2024

• Renault Mégane

  Renault's core compact family car for three decades — successor to the Renault 19, home of the 300-hp Mégane RS, now in its electric Mégane E-Tech form.

  Compact car · 1995–present

• Renault Scénic

  The car that invented the compact MPV segment — the Renault Scénic won the 1997 European Car of the Year and spawned countless imitators.

  Compact MPV · 1996–present

• Renault Laguna

  Renault's D-segment family car for two decades — a practical large hatchback and estate, replaced by the Talisman in 2016.

  Large family car · 1994–2015

• Renault Kangoo

  Renault's versatile compact van and passenger car — one of Europe's longest-running light commercial vehicles, now offered in electric form.

  Compact van · 1997–present

• Renault Zoé

  Europe's best-selling battery-electric car through most of the 2010s — Renault's pioneering supermini-class EV.

  Electric car · 2012–2024

• Renault Renault 5 E-Tech

  A retro-futuristic revival of the iconic R5 nameplate as a fully electric supermini — 2025 European Car of the Year.

  Electric car · 2024–present

• Rimac Concept_One

  Rimac's hand-built debut — eight electric hypercars produced between 2013 and 2016, briefly the world's fastest-accelerating production EV.

  Sports car · 2013–2016

• Rimac Concept_S

  A more powerful, aerodynamically aggressive Concept_One variant revealed at Geneva 2016 — only two examples built.

  Sports car · 2016–2016

• Rimac Nevera

  Rimac's flagship production hypercar — 1,914 hp, limited to 150 units, with a Nürburgring EV lap record of 7:05 set in 2023.

  Sports car · 2022–present

• Rinspeed sQuba

  The world's first car that drives on land and underwater — a Lotus Elise–based, all-electric amphibious concept unveiled at Geneva 2008.

  Concept car · 2008–2008

• Rinspeed Splash

  A carbon-composite hydrofoil amphibian capable of nearly 200 km/h on land and 45 knots on water — Geneva 2004, and a record English Channel crossing in 2006.

  Concept car · 2004–2004

• Rinspeed Presto

  A natural-gas city car that morphs from a 2.7-metre two-seat cabrio into a 3.74-metre four-seater at the touch of a button — Geneva 2002.

  Concept car · 2002–2002

• Rinspeed Bedouin

  A Porsche 996 Turbo–based all-terrain concept that transforms electrically from a two-seat pick-up into a four-seat wagon in under ten seconds — Geneva 2003.

  Concept car · 2003–2003

• Rinspeed iChange

  An all-electric shape-shifting EV that reconfigures from a sleek one-seater to a three-seater at the press of a button — Geneva 2009.

  Concept car · 2009–2009

• Rinspeed Oasis

  An autonomous electric two-seater with a living-room cabin, a dashboard garden, and a delivery drawer — CES 2017.

  Concept car · 2017–2017

• Rinspeed Mono Ego

  A supercharged aluminium-bodied single-seat sports car built to mark Rinspeed's 20th anniversary — Geneva 1997.

  Concept car · 1997–1997

• Rinspeed E-Go Rocket

  A salt-flat–inspired single-seat composite sports car with a 410 hp supercharged V8 — Geneva 1998.

  Concept car · 1998–1998

• Rinspeed microSNAP

  A modular micro-mobility pod separating a reusable 'skateboard' chassis from interchangeable body units — CES / Geneva 2019.

  Concept car · 2019–2019

• Rosengart LR2

  Rosengart's founding model — a French-built, progressively Gallicised version of the Austin 7, the car that launched the marque.

  Microcar · 1928–1939

• Rosengart LR4 / Cinq

  The evolved Austin 7 successor — marketed as the Rosengart Cinq (Five), reflecting its 5 CV tax-horsepower rating.

  Microcar · 1931–1939

• Rosengart Supertraction

  Rosengart's prestige front-wheel-drive coupé and cabriolet, powered by a Citroën Traction Avant engine — the most elegant car the marque ever built.

  Sports car · 1939–1940

• Rosengart Ariette

  Rosengart's final production car — a post-war front-wheel-drive saloon styled by Philippe Charbonneaux that failed to find enough buyers to save the company.

  Microcar · 1951–1955

• Rosengart Vivor

  A post-war light van and break aimed at tradespeople — Rosengart's commercial vehicle of the late 1940s and early 1950s.

  Light van · 1947–1953

• RUF CTR

  The 'Yellowbird' — a 463-hp twin-turbo 911-based coupe that hit 213 mph in 1987 and shocked the supercar world.

  Sports car · 1987–1996

• RUF BTR

  RUF's first model to carry its own VIN — a turbo 911 with 374 hp that launched the company as an independent manufacturer.

  Sports car · 1983–1993

• RUF CTR2

  The 993-based successor to the Yellowbird — twin-turbo 3.6-litre, 520–580 hp, 217 mph top speed, 16 units built.

  Sports car · 1995–1997

• RUF RGT

  A naturally aspirated 395-hp 911-based coupe — RUF's RS-inspired alternative to its own turbocharged lineup.

  Sports car · 2000–2011

• RUF CTR3

  RUF's first mid-engine design — a bespoke-chassised 700-hp supercar capable of an estimated 233 mph.

  Sports car · 2007–2012

• RUF CTR Anniversary

  A 700-hp, 50-unit limited edition honouring the Yellowbird — RUF's own carbon-fibre chassis, 224-mph top speed.

  Sports car · 2017–present

• RUF SCR

  A naturally aspirated 510-PS 911-silhouette supercar on RUF's own carbon monocoque — the modern heir to the original 1978 SCR.

  Sports car · 2018–present

• RUF Rodeo

  RUF's first off-road-capable machine — a 610-hp twin-turbo flat-six 911 silhouette with raised suspension and all-wheel drive.

  Sports car · 2020–present

• Saab 92

  Saab's first production car — a radical, aerodynamic two-door with a 764 cc two-stroke engine and a drag coefficient of just 0.30.

  Small family car · 1949–1956

• Saab 96

  Saab's best-known classic — a 20-year production run that won the Monte Carlo Rally back-to-back in 1962 and 1963 under Erik Carlsson.

  Small family car · 1960–1980

• Saab 99

  Saab's first all-new large car and the birthplace of the production turbocharged family car — the 99 Turbo of 1978 changed the industry.

  Compact executive car · 1968–1984

• Saab 900

  Saab's best-selling car ever — the classic 900 (1978–1994) and its GM-era successor together produced over 908,000 units, anchored by the Turbo and a cult-favourite cabriolet.

  Compact executive car · 1978–1998

• Saab 9000

  Saab's first full executive car — developed on the Fiat-led Type Four platform alongside the Lancia Thema and Alfa Romeo 164, with a 503,000-unit production run.

  Executive car · 1984–1998

• Saab 9-3

  Saab's longest-lived nameplate under GM ownership — two distinct generations spanning hatchbacks, sedans, convertibles, and a SportCombi wagon across 16 years.

  Compact executive car · 1998–2014

• Saab 9-5

  Saab's executive flagship under GM — two generations spanning 1997 to 2011, with sedan and wagon body styles across the first generation and a short-lived second generation.

  Executive car · 1997–2011

• Saab Sonett

  Saab's only dedicated sports car — produced in three distinct series across two eras (1956–57 and 1966–74), with a fiberglass body and front-wheel drive.

  Sports car · 1956–1974

• Saab 9-2X

  A US-market Subaru Impreza WRX / WRX STi re-badged as a Saab for 2004–2005 — informally nicknamed 'Saabaru' by enthusiasts.

  Compact car · 2004–2005

• Saab 9-7X

  A Chevrolet TrailBlazer-based SUV sold under the Saab badge for 2005–2009 — Saab's only body-on-frame truck-platform vehicle.

  Mid-size SUV · 2005–2009

• Salmson Type AL

  Salmson's founding model — a water-cooled four-cylinder cyclecar that sold over 10,000 examples and spawned the famous twin-cam racing variants.

  Cyclecar · 1921–1929

• Salmson S4

  Salmson's principal inter-war and post-war model — a technically sophisticated small saloon with twin-cam heritage, produced in numerous variants for over two decades.

  Sports saloon · 1929–1952

• Salmson Randonnée

  Salmson's ambitious post-war grand tourer — a light-alloy twin-cam saloon with a Cotal electromagnetic gearbox, intended to rival the best French sports cars of the early 1950s.

  Sports saloon · 1950–1954

• Salmson 2300 S

  Salmson's final model — a handsome 2+2 coupé with a 105–110 hp twin-cam engine that competed at Le Mans three times and closed the marque's history.

  Sports coupé · 1953–1957

• Sbarro Lola T70 Replica

  Sbarro's debut road car — thirteen street-legal replicas of the Lola T70 Mk III, mostly Chevrolet-powered, launched the Swiss atelier's reputation.

  Sports car · 1969–1971

• Sbarro BMW 328 Replica

  Sbarro's most-produced model by far — around 135 faithful replicas of the pre-war BMW 328 roadster, presented at the 1974 Geneva Motor Show.

  Sports car · 1974–1984

• Sbarro Tiger

  A 300 km/h mid-engine prototype presented at the 1973 Geneva Motor Show — planned as a 15-car limited run, but remained a one-off when body molds could not be sourced.

  Sports car · 1973–1973

• Sbarro Stash

  A striking 2+2 GT presented at the 1974 Geneva Motor Show — only five built across coupé and targa body styles, with engines ranging from a VW four to a Mercedes 6.9 V8.

  Sports car · 1974–1980

• Sbarro Super Twelve

  A single-unit 1982 Geneva Show concept housing a bespoke inline-twelve built from two Kawasaki Z1300 motorcycle engines mated end-to-end.

  Sports car · 1982–1982

• Sbarro Super Eight

  A single 1984 Geneva Show prototype carrying a mid-mounted Ferrari 308 V8 in a compact, 800 kg hatchback-silhouette body.

  Sports car · 1984–1984

• Sbarro Challenge

  Sbarro's most ambitious production attempt — a three-year Geneva Motor Show series peaking at eight examples built, evolving from a turbocharged Mercedes AWD supercar to a Porsche 930-based GT.

  Sports car · 1985–1987

• Sbarro Espera Evoluzione

  A 2011 Geneva Motor Show concept designed by students of the Espera Sbarro school — motorcycle-inspired bodywork over a 134 kW turbocharged Audi 1.8-litre four-cylinder.

  Concept car · 2011–2011

• Scania 1-Series (L/LB/LS/LT range)

  The first range to carry the Scania name alone — a tipping-cab range launched in 1968 that also introduced the legendary 350 hp V8.

  Heavy truck · 1968–1980

• Scania 2-Series

  The 1980 successor to the 1-series — sold as the GPRT range — that kept Scania at the forefront of European heavy haulage through the early 1980s.

  Heavy truck · 1980–1988

• Scania 3-Series

  The aerodynamic 1987 generation — home of the iconic R143 V8 Streamline — that cemented Scania's image as Europe's prestige long-haul truck.

  Heavy truck · 1987–1998

• Scania 4-Series

  The Bertone-styled 1995 generation — models 94 through 164 — that brought a 16-litre V8 and carried Scania into the 2000s.

  Heavy truck · 1995–2007

• Scania R-Series

  Scania's long-haul flagship since 2004 — a high-roof tractor available with up to 770 hp and five International Truck of the Year titles.

  Heavy truck · 2004–present

• Scania P-Series

  Scania's versatile low-cab series since 2004 — built for distribution, construction, and regional work where a compact profile matters.

  Heavy truck · 2004–present

• Scania G-Series

  The 2007 mid-height cab that slots between the P and R — a flexible national-haulage and construction truck bridging regional and long-haul work.

  Heavy truck · 2007–present

• Scania S-Series

  Scania's flat-floor flagship since 2016 — Europe's most spacious production truck cab, available with up to 770 hp.

  Heavy truck · 2016–present

• Scania L-Series

  The 2017 low-entry urban truck — a purpose-built city distribution vehicle with a step-in height and wide-angle City Safe Window.

  Heavy truck · 2017–present

• Scania Citywide

  Scania's integral low-floor city bus (2011–2024) — a successor to the OmniCity that introduced a battery-electric variant before production ended.

  Bus · 2011–2024

• Scania Touring

  Scania's flagship long-distance coach since 2009 — built by Higer Bus in China on a Scania chassis and sold under the Scania brand in Europe.

  Coach · 2009–present

• SEAT 600

  The rear-engined economy car that motorized Spain — over 797,000 built and an enduring national icon.

  City car · 1957–1973

• SEAT 1400

  SEAT's very first production car — a licensed Fiat 1400 sedan that launched Spanish volume automobile manufacturing.

  Saloon · 1953–1958

• SEAT Ibiza

  SEAT's iconic supermini — five generations from 1984 to today, with over six million sold and a hot Cupra variant at its peak.

  Supermini · 1984–present

• SEAT Córdoba

  The saloon, estate, and coupé companion to the Ibiza supermini — a three-body small car that ran for over 15 years.

  Compact car · 1993–2009

• SEAT León

  SEAT's best-selling compact hatchback and the home of Cupra performance — four generations on VW Group platforms, with over two million sold.

  Compact car · 1999–present

• SEAT Toledo

  SEAT's compact saloon — the first model developed inside the Volkswagen Group, spanning four generations from 1991 to 2019.

  Compact car · 1991–2019

• SEAT Alhambra

  SEAT's seven-seat large MPV — a badge-engineered VW Sharan / Ford Galaxy that served family buyers for over two decades.

  Minivan · 1996–2020

• SEAT Altea

  SEAT's compact MPV — a raised hatchback built on the León's platform, including an XL long-wheelbase variant.

  Compact MPV · 2004–2014

• SEAT Ateca

  SEAT's first-ever SUV — a C-segment crossover on the MQB platform, unveiled in Barcelona in 2016.

  Compact SUV · 2016–present

• SEAT Arona

  SEAT's smallest crossover — an Ibiza-based B-segment SUV that debuted at the 2017 Frankfurt Motor Show.

  Subcompact SUV · 2017–present

• SEAT Tarraco

  SEAT's flagship seven-seat SUV — built alongside the VW Tiguan in Wolfsburg, discontinued in 2024 without a second generation.

  Mid-size SUV · 2018–2024

• Siata Amica

  Siata's first wholly original car (1948–1952) — a lightweight Fiat 500-based roadster that marked the firm's transition from tuner to manufacturer.

  Roadster · 1948–1952

• Siata Daina

  Siata's elegant Fiat 1400-based GT (1950–1958) — bespoke coupé and cabriolet bodies by Stabilimenti Farina and Bertone, with a Sebring class win in 1952.

  Sports car · 1950–1958

• Siata 300BC Barchetta

  A lightweight barchetta spider by Bertone (1951–1956), aimed squarely at US SCCA racing — only about 50 examples built across all body variants.

  Sports car · 1951–1956

• Siata 208S

  A Michelotti-designed aluminium roadster powered by Fiat's 2.0-litre V8 (1953–1955) — only 35 built; Steve McQueen's example became his legendary 'Little Ferrari'.

  Sports car · 1953–1955

• Siata Spring

  Siata's retro-roadster swan song (1968–1970) — a Fiat 850-based open two-seater aimed at Italian youth; around 3,500 built before bankruptcy closed the company.

  Roadster · 1968–1970

• Simca Aronde

  Simca's first original design (1951–1964) — a unibody saloon that propelled the brand to second place among French automakers, with 1.4 million built.

  Family car · 1951–1964

• Simca Vedette

  An American-flavoured V8 saloon (1954–1961) acquired with Ford's French factory — the largest and most powerful Simca of its era.

  Executive car · 1954–1961

• Simca Ariane

  An economy version of the Vedette using the Aronde's engine (1957–1967) — practical, cheap to run, and widely used as a French taxi.

  Family car · 1957–1967

• Simca Simca 1000

  A rear-engined, four-door saloon (1961–1978) that was France's affordable small car for nearly two decades, with a motorsport legacy through the Rallye variants.

  Subcompact car · 1961–1978

• Simca Simca 1100

  A front-wheel-drive hatchback pioneer (1967–1982) that influenced the VW Golf generation and sold over two million units across Europe.

  Compact car · 1967–1982

• Simca Simca 1307 / Chrysler Alpine

  The 1976 European Car of the Year (1975–1980) — a front-drive large hatchback sold as the Chrysler Alpine in Britain, one of Simca's finest achievements.

  Large family car · 1975–1980

• Simca Horizon

  The 1979 European Car of the Year (Simca-badged 1978–1980) — a front-drive compact hatchback that was also sold in the USA as the Dodge Omni / Plymouth Horizon.

  Compact car · 1978–1980

• Sisu K-Series

  Sisu's postwar conventional-cab lorry family — from the K-23 of 1949 through heavy Jyry, medium Kontio, and small Nalle-Sisu sub-brands.

  Heavy truck · 1949–1969

• Sisu KB-24 (Nalle-Sisu)

  A compact six-tonne forward-control city lorry — nicknamed 'Teddy Bear Sisu' for its round cab, first Sisu with an all-steel cabin.

  Light truck · 1955–1960

• Sisu M-Series

  Forward-control lorries of the 1970s–early 1980s, available in 4×2, 6×2, 6×4, and 8×2 chassis variants.

  Heavy truck · 1970–1984

• Sisu S-Series (Modular)

  Sisu's 1980s modular-cabin platform — SK, SM, SL, SR variants sharing common modules across forward-control and conventional cab heights.

  Heavy truck · 1980–1995

• Sisu E-Series

  The 1996 modernisation: Renault-derived cabs, Caterpillar and Renault engines, model codes based on engine displacement — Sisu's bridge to the Polar era.

  Heavy truck · 1996–2010

• Sisu E13TP

  A heavy 8×8 and 10×10 military terrain truck for NATO-aligned forces — Caterpillar-powered, mine/ballistic protection to STANAG 4569.

  Military vehicle · 2005–present

• Sisu Nasu

  A tracked articulated all-terrain carrier for the Finnish Army — two powered units carrying up to 17 personnel across any terrain.

  Military vehicle · 1986–present

• Sisu Polar

  Sisu's current heavy-truck series — Mercedes-Benz components, DK12M and DK16M variants, winner of Finland Truck of the Year 2012.

  Heavy truck · 2011–present

• Škoda Octavia

  Škoda's flagship volume model — a nameplate spanning 1959 to today, and in its modern four-generation form the brand's global best-seller.

  Compact car · 1959–present

• Škoda Fabia

  Škoda's small car since 1999 — a Polo-underpinned supermini now in its fourth generation, earning consistent 'best small car' plaudits.

  Subcompact car · 1999–present

• Škoda Superb

  Škoda's flagship — a prewar luxury nameplate revived in 2001 as a spacious, premium-value executive saloon now in its fourth modern generation.

  Large car · 1934–present

• Škoda Yeti

  Škoda's first SUV — a compact, clever crossover (2009–2017) that earned 'possibly the best car in the world' from Top Gear's Jeremy Clarkson.

  Compact SUV · 2009–2017

• Škoda Kodiaq

  Škoda's large seven-seat SUV since 2016 — a D-segment crossover named after the Kodiak bear and now in its second generation.

  Mid-size SUV · 2016–present

• Škoda Karoq

  Škoda's compact crossover since 2017 — a successor to the Yeti on the MQB A1 platform, sized between the Kamiq and Kodiaq.

  Compact SUV · 2017–present

• Škoda Enyaq

  Škoda's flagship battery-electric crossover — launched in 2020 on the VW Group MEB platform, with a performance RS variant making up to 340 hp.

  Electric SUV · 2020–present

• Škoda Favorit

  Škoda's first modern front-wheel-drive car — a Bertone-styled hatchback that signalled the brand's move away from its outdated rear-engine layout.

  Subcompact car · 1987–1995

• Škoda Felicia

  Škoda's transitional supermini (1994–2001) — the last model on the brand's own platform and the first to benefit from Volkswagen Group ownership.

  Subcompact car · 1994–2001

• Smart Fortwo

  Smart's iconic two-seat city car — three generations from 1998 to 2024, including an EQ electric variant and US availability from 2008 to 2019.

  Microcar · 1998–2024

• Smart Forfour

  Smart's four-seat five-door hatchback — two separate generations (2004–2006 and 2014–2019), both discontinued after modest sales.

  Subcompact car · 2004–2019

• Smart Roadster

  A short-lived rear-engine, rear-drive sports roadster from Smart — 43,091 built between 2003 and 2005, with a final edition in 2006.

  Sports car · 2003–2006

• Smart #1

  Smart's first product under the Mercedes-Benz/Geely joint venture — a battery-electric subcompact crossover built in China, launched in 2022.

  Electric SUV · 2022–present

• Smart #3

  A fastback-coupe SUV sibling to the #1, launched in 2023 under the Mercedes-Benz/Geely Smart joint venture.

  Electric SUV · 2023–present

• Spyker 60 HP

  The 1903 Dutch racing car famous as the world's first four-wheel-drive petrol automobile, the first with a six-cylinder engine, and the first with four-wheel brakes.

  Racing car · 1903–1903

• Spyker C8

  Spyker's hand-built Dutch supercar — an Audi V8-powered open-lattice masterpiece produced in three generations: Spyder/Laviolette (2000), Aileron (2009), and Preliator (2016).

  Sports car · 2000–present

• Stanguellini Barchetta Sport (1100 & 750)

  Stanguellini's open two-seat sports racers of the late 1940s and 1950s — twin-cam Fiat-derived 750 cc and 1100 cc barchettas that won the Italian 750-class championship five times.

  Sports car · 1947–1956

• Stanguellini Formula Junior

  Stanguellini's front-engined Formula Junior single-seater — the car that launched the class, built in nearly 150 examples and dominant through 1960, driven early in their careers by Bandini and von Trips.

  Formula racing car · 1958–1962

• Stanguellini Colibrì

  A one-off 250 cc streamlined record car with Franco Scaglione bodywork — set six FIA world speed records at Monza in 1963.

  Streamliner / record car · 1963–1963

• Steyr Type II (Waffenauto)

  Steyr's debut passenger car — a sturdy 3.3-litre SOHC six that put a weapons factory on the automotive map.

  Touring car · 1920–1924

• Steyr Type XII

  Steyr's international breakthrough — a refined 1.5-litre OHC six that won acclaim from London to Vienna.

  Touring car · 1925–1929

• Steyr Austria (37/100 hp)

  Ferdinand Porsche's ambitious Steyr masterpiece — a 5.3-litre straight-eight that was cancelled after only three prototypes.

  Grand tourer · 1929–1930

• Steyr Steyr 120 / 125 Super

  A streamlined inter-war six with independent front suspension — 1,400 built before its successor took over.

  Mid-size car · 1935–1937

• Steyr Steyr 220

  The pinnacle of pre-war Steyr — a 2.3-litre OHV six in four body styles, with coachbuilt Gläser cabriolets.

  Mid-size car · 1937–1941

• Steyr Steyr 50 / 55 (Baby)

  The 'Steyr Baby' — a VW-contemporary streamlined people's car that sold around 13,000 units before the war.

  Economy car · 1936–1940

• Steyr Steyr-Puch 500

  Austria's beloved post-war city car — a Fiat 500 body with a superior twin-cylinder Steyr-Puch engine, 60,000 built.

  City car · 1957–1975

• Stoewer Großer Motorwagen

  Stoewer's very first automobile — a four-seat open tourer with a 6.5 hp twin-cylinder engine, one of the first cars built in Germany.

  Veteran car · 1899–1899

• Stoewer G4

  Stoewer's most commercially successful pre-war model — a shaft-driven 1.5-litre four-cylinder aimed at the middle market, with 1,070 built.

  Compact car · 1907–1910

• Stoewer G15 Gigant

  One of Stoewer's flagship eight-cylinder luxury cars of the late 1920s — a 4-litre straight-eight producing up to 80 PS.

  Luxury car · 1928–1931

• Stoewer V5

  One of Germany's first mass-produced front-wheel-drive cars — a 1.2-litre compact with 2,100 units built across two years.

  Subcompact car · 1931–1932

• Stoewer Greif V8

  An innovative front-wheel-drive V8 with an aluminium alloy engine — the last Stoewer designed by the founding brothers, with only about 20 built.

  Mid-size car · 1934–1939

• Stoewer Greif Junior

  Stoewer's best-selling car ever — a streamlined Tatra 75-derived compact that sold 4,000 units in four years.

  Compact car · 1935–1938

• Stoewer Sedina

  Stoewer's final civilian saloon — a 2.4-litre four-cylinder rear-drive car named for Stettin, with 924 built.

  Mid-size car · 1937–1940

• Stoewer Arkona

  Stoewer's final and largest civilian car — a 3.6-litre six-cylinder named for Cape Arkona, capable of 140 km/h, with 201 built.

  Mid-size car · 1937–1940

• Stoewer R200

  The Wehrmacht's standard light off-road car — a four-wheel-drive, four-wheel-steer reconnaissance vehicle built by Stoewer, Hanomag, and BMW.

  Military vehicle · 1938–1943

• TagAZ Doninvest Assol

  TagAZ's first model — a licensed Daewoo Lanos assembled in Taganrog as the Doninvest Assol from 1998 to 2002.

  Compact car · 1998–2002

• TagAZ Doninvest Orion

  A licensed Daewoo Nubira sedan assembled in Taganrog from 1998 to 2002 under the Doninvest brand.

  Compact car · 1998–2002

• TagAZ Tager

  Russia's version of the SsangYong Korando — assembled under license in Taganrog from 2008 to 2014, offered as both a three-door and a unique five-door long-wheelbase variant.

  SUV · 2008–2014

• TagAZ Road Partner

  A licensed SsangYong Musso assembled at Taganrog from 2008, sold in Russia as the TagAZ Road Partner.

  SUV · 2008–2011

• TagAZ Vortex Estina

  TagAZ's Vortex-branded Chery A5 sedan, assembled in Taganrog from 2008 for the Russian budget market.

  Compact car · 2008–2014

• TagAZ Vortex Tingo

  A Chery Tiggo-based compact SUV assembled under the Vortex brand at Taganrog from 2010.

  SUV · 2010–2014

• TagAZ Aquila

  TagAZ's only genuinely home-developed car — a four-door coupe compact launched in March 2013, with roughly 200 built before the factory's bankruptcy.

  Compact car · 2013–2014

• Talbot-Lago Lago Spéciale / T150C

  Talbot-Lago's pre-war sporting flagship — a twin-cam 4-litre six with coachwork by Figoni et Falaschi, including the legendary teardrop coupés.

  Sports car · 1936–1940

• Talbot-Lago T26 Record

  Post-war flagship grand tourer powered by a 4.5-litre twin-cam six — fewer than 590 built, in sedan, cabriolet, and coachbuilt form.

  Executive car · 1946–1953

• Talbot-Lago T26 Grand Sport

  Road-legal sports racer derived from the T26C Grand Prix car — around 36 built, winner of the 1950 24 Hours of Le Mans.

  Sports car · 1947–1954

• Talbot-Lago T26C Grand Prix

  Talbot-Lago's Formula One single-seater — raced in the 1950 and 1951 inaugural F1 seasons, winning the 1949 Belgian and French Grands Prix.

  Racing car · 1948–1951

• Talbot-Lago T14 LS Sport 2500

  Talbot-Lago's last attempt at a modern sports coupé — a 2.5-litre four-cylinder with Italian styling, only 45 units produced.

  Sports car · 1955–1958

• Talbot-Lago Lago America

  Talbot-Lago's swan song — a BMW V8-powered grand tourer of which roughly a dozen were built before Simca acquired the company.

  Grand tourer · 1957–1959

• Tauro Sport Auto V8 Spider

  Tauro's debut model — an open-top, front-engine, rear-drive roadster on the GM Kappa platform with a 440 hp Chevrolet LS3 V8.

  Roadster · 2012–2014

• Tauro Sport Auto V8 Coupé

  The hardtop companion to the V8 Spider — same LS3 V8 and Kappa platform in a fixed-roof body with a claimed 300 km/h top speed.

  Sports car · 2013–2014

• Tauro Sport Auto V8 Saeta

  A circuit-oriented Tauro V8 variant named after Spain's first indigenous jet aircraft, the Hispano HA-200 Saeta — announced 2014.

  Sports car · 2014–2014

• Tauro Sport Auto V8 Portago

  An open barchetta variant named in honour of Marquis Alfonso de Portago, the Spanish F1 driver who died in the 1957 Mille Miglia.

  Roadster · 2014–2014

• Tatra Tatra 11

  The 1923 car that introduced Tatra's signature backbone-tube chassis and swing-axle rear suspension — the technical foundation of every subsequent Tatra.

  Compact car · 1923–1927

• Tatra Tatra 77

  The world's first production aerodynamically designed car — a rear-engined, air-cooled V8 fastback conceived with Zeppelin engineer Paul Jaray.

  Luxury car · 1934–1938

• Tatra Tatra 87

  Tatra's definitive pre-war streamliner — a lighter, faster refinement of the T77 with a 2.9-litre rear V8 that could exceed 160 km/h and influenced Porsche's Beetle design.

  Luxury car · 1936–1950

• Tatra Tatra 603

  The hand-built status car of communist Czechoslovakia — a rear-engined air-cooled luxury sedan reserved for party officials, 20,422 built over 19 years.

  Luxury car · 1956–1975

• Tatra Tatra 613

  A Vignale-styled rear-engined flagship with a 3.5-litre DOHC air-cooled V8, the longest-running post-war Tatra passenger car at approximately 11,000 units.

  Luxury car · 1974–1996

• Tatra Tatra 700

  Tatra's final passenger car — a restyled 613 successor with a V8 available up to 4.4 litres, of which only about 75 were built before Tatra exited the car market.

  Luxury car · 1996–1999

• Touring Superleggera Alfa Romeo 8C 2900 Berlinetta

  The pre-war pinnacle of Touring's art — a handful of aluminium berlinettas on Alfa Romeo's supercharged straight-eight chassis, now among the most valuable cars ever auctioned.

  Sports car · 1936–1939

• Touring Superleggera Ferrari 166 MM Barchetta

  The car that gave the world the word 'barchetta' — Touring's open roadster body on Ferrari's first great racing chassis, winner of the 1949 Le Mans and Mille Miglia.

  Sports racing car · 1948–1950

• Touring Superleggera Maserati 3500 GT

  Touring's most prolific pre-closure commission — over 2,000 grand touring coupes that brought Maserati into the profitable road-car business.

  Grand tourer · 1957–1964

• Touring Superleggera Lamborghini 350/400 GT

  The first Lamborghini road car — Touring reworked Franco Scaglione's concept into a production-ready grand tourer that launched the Sant'Agata marque.

  Grand tourer · 1964–1968

• Touring Superleggera Disco Volante by Touring

  The revival era's breakthrough — eight hand-built coupes and seven Spyders on the Alfa Romeo 8C Competizione chassis, winner of the 2013 Concorso d'Eleganza Design Award.

  Sports car · 2013–2016

• Touring Superleggera Berlinetta Lusso

  A five-unit Ferrari F12–based grand tourer that revived the classic Berlinetta Lusso name with hand-beaten aluminium and carbon-fibre construction.

  Grand tourer · 2015–2015

• Touring Superleggera Arese RH95

  An 18-unit Ferrari 488–based anniversary supercar that celebrated Touring's 95th year with a dramatic rear fin referencing the 1930s Alfa Romeo 8C 2900 Berlinetta.

  Sports car · 2021–2021

• Touring Superleggera Veloce12

  A 30-unit open barchetta built on a Ferrari V12 platform — Touring's return to the open roadster form that produced the iconic 1948 Ferrari 166 MM Barchetta.

  Sports car · 2024–present

• Trabant P50 (Trabant 500)

  The original Trabant — a 499 cc two-stroke subcompact, 131,495 built from 1957 to 1962.

  Subcompact car · 1957–1962

• Trabant Trabant 600

  A short-lived transitional model (1962–1965) bridging the P50 and 601 — P50 bodywork with a 594 cc engine.

  Subcompact car · 1962–1965

• Trabant Trabant 601

  The definitive Trabant — 2,818,547 built over 26 years, the most common car in East Germany and a Cold War icon.

  Subcompact car · 1964–1990

• Trabant Trabant 1.1

  The final Trabant — a modernized 601 with a 45 PS VW Polo engine, built for just 11 months before reunification killed demand.

  Subcompact car · 1990–1991

• UAZ UAZ-452 (Buhanka)

  The iconic forward-control 4×4 van nicknamed 'Buhanka' (bread loaf) — in uninterrupted production since 1965, serving as ambulance, minibus, and cargo van across the former Soviet world.

  Van · 1965–present

• UAZ UAZ-469

  The Soviet Union's definitive military light utility vehicle — a body-on-frame 4×4 that replaced the GAZ-69 in 1972 and served armed forces across the Eastern Bloc for three decades.

  Off-road vehicle · 1972–2003

• UAZ UAZ Hunter

  The direct spiritual successor to the UAZ-469 — a modernized hard-top 4×4 retaining the body-on-frame ruggedness of its ancestor, launched in 2003 and still in production.

  Off-road vehicle · 2003–present

• UAZ UAZ Patriot

  UAZ's modern five-door SUV — the first completely new UAZ model since the Soviet era, combining ladder-frame 4×4 capability with a roomier contemporary body.

  SUV · 2005–present

• UAZ UAZ Simbir

  UAZ's transitional 1990s SUV — a prototype-to-production stopgap between the UAZ-469 family and the modern Patriot, produced briefly from 1997 to 2005.

  Off-road vehicle · 1997–2005

• Unic 12/14 hp Taxi

  The iconic monobloc 1944 cc four-cylinder taxi that dominated Paris and London cab ranks for roughly 25 years.

  Taxi · 1907–1932

• Unic 10/12 hp Twin

  Unic's founding model — a 1798 cc twin-cylinder light car that launched the marque and appeared as early London taxi chassis.

  Light car · 1905–1911

• Unic Type L

  Post-war touring model with a 1847 cc four-cylinder, four-wheel brakes, and a sporting L3T3 Sport variant capable of 70 mph.

  Touring car · 1922–1925

• Unic Type H1

  Unic's first eight-cylinder car — a 2.5-litre straight-eight with overhead valves, introduced for 1929.

  Touring car · 1929–1933

• Unic U4

  A modern 2-litre four-cylinder with independent front suspension and a Cotal electromagnetic gearbox option — Unic's last passenger car family.

  Saloon · 1934–1938

• Unic U6

  A 3-litre six-cylinder flagship launched alongside the U4 in 1934, with an OHV pushrod engine and optional Cotal preselector gearbox.

  Saloon · 1934–1938

• Uniti Uniti One

  Uniti's sole original design — a tandem-seat electric microcar conceived at Lund University that drew global crowdfunding and a Siemens partnership but never reached production.

  Microcar · 2016–2022

• Valmet Automotive Saab Assembly (1969–2003)

  Valmet's founding contract — over three decades assembling Saab 95, 96, 99, 90, 900, 9000, and 9-3 Convertible models for Saab-Scania.

  Contract manufacturing · 1969–2003

• Valmet Automotive Talbot / Simca Assembly (1979–1987)

  Between 1979 and 1987 Valmet assembled Chrysler/PSA Talbot models — Simca-Talbot Horizon, Simca 1307/1508, and Talbot Solara — totalling 31,978 units.

  Contract manufacturing · 1979–1987

• Valmet Automotive Opel Calibra (1991–1997)

  Valmet built approximately 94,000 Opel Calibra coupes in Uusikaupunki — becoming the sole production site after Opel's Rüsselsheim line closed in 1995.

  Sports coupe · 1991–1997

• Valmet Automotive Lada EuroSamara (1996–1998)

  A short-lived contract to assemble a Finland-market version of the Lada Samara, produced at Uusikaupunki from 1996 to 1998.

  Contract manufacturing · 1996–1998

• Valmet Automotive Porsche Boxster & Cayman (1997–2012)

  Valmet's most celebrated contract — over 227,000 Porsche Boxsters and Caymans assembled in Finland across 15 years, from the original 986 through the 987 generation.

  Sports car · 1997–2012

• Valmet Automotive Think City & Garia (2009–2011)

  Valmet's early EV chapter — approximately 3,000 Norwegian Think City electric city cars plus the luxury Garia electric golf car, both built in Uusikaupunki from 2009.

  Electric vehicle · 2009–2011

• Valmet Automotive Fisker Karma (2011–2012)

  Valmet built the ill-fated Fisker Karma luxury plug-in hybrid — approximately 2,450 hand-assembled units before Fisker's battery supplier collapse halted production.

  Plug-in hybrid · 2011–2012

• Valmet Automotive Mercedes-Benz Assembly (2013–present)

  Valmet's largest and ongoing client — producing Mercedes-Benz A-Class, GLC, and Mercedes-AMG GT 4-Door Coupé at Uusikaupunki since August 2013.

  Contract manufacturing · 2013–present

• Vandenbrink GTO

  A hand-built aluminium tribute to the 1962 Ferrari 250 GTO, constructed on the Ferrari 599 GTB Fiorano chassis — just five examples made.

  Grand tourer · 2008–2009

• Vandenbrink Fra Mauro

  A carbon-fibre coachbuilt concept announced in 2009, built on the Spyker C8 Spyder platform with a mid-mounted 4.2-litre V8 — production quantities were never confirmed.

  Sports car · 2009–2009

• Vandenbrink Shooting Brake

  A bespoke Ferrari 612 Scaglietti converted into a long-roof shooting brake, with the first example completed in 2019 and a planned limited series of 12 cars.

  Shooting brake · 2019–present

• Venturi Venturi 200 / MVS Venturi

  The original MVS Venturi — a fiberglass mid-engined GT coupé with a turbocharged PRV V6, France's answer to the Porsche 911.

  Sports car · 1987–1991

• Venturi Venturi Atlantique

  The definitive Venturi GT — a restyled mid-engine coupé spanning 260, 300, and 400 GT variants across nearly a decade.

  Sports car · 1991–2000

• Venturi Venturi Fétish

  An early all-electric sports car — just 25 examples built — one of the first performance EVs before Tesla existed.

  Sports car · 2004–2010

• Venturi Venturi America

  A high-performance all-electric off-road buggy / crossover concept, the America showcased Venturi's EV engineering ambitions beyond road cars.

  Electric SUV · 2012–2015

• Vignale Gamine

  A retro-styled Fiat 500–based micro-roadster (1967–1971) — Vignale's most widely recognised proprietary model.

  Roadster · 1967–1971

• Vignale Samantha

  A fastback four-seat coupé on the Fiat 125S — fewer than 100 built, one of the rarest Vignales.

  Grand tourer · 1967–1971

• Vignale Eveline

  A Fiat 124–based coupé (1967–1969) with Jensen Interceptor proportions, ~400 built mostly for the UK market.

  Grand tourer · 1967–1969

• Vignale Ferrari Bespoke Bodies

  Vignale bodied ~155 Ferraris in the early 1950s — Enzo's primary coachbuilder, with Mille Miglia wins in 1951, 1952, and 1953.

  Sports car · 1950–1960

• Vinot-Deguingand Twin-Cylinder (5½ HP / 10CV)

  Vinot-Deguingand's founding model — a 1,500 cc vertical-twin with belt and chain transmission sold in Britain as 'La Silencieuses', evolving by 1903 into a conventional chain-driven 10CV.

  Touring car · 1901–1908

• Vinot-Deguingand Type H / Type F (Four-Cylinder)

  The Edwardian four-cylinder range — the 14 HP Type H (3,300 cc) and 18 HP Type F — that established Vinot-Deguingand as a credible mid-market manufacturer and competed at the Isle of Man TT.

  Touring car · 1903–1910

• Vinot-Deguingand Type BO

  The post-WWI four-cylinder flagship — a 2,603 cc 15/20 HP four-seater with a 3,030 mm wheelbase, exhibited at the 1919 Paris Motor Show and the principal Vinot-Deguingand offering into the early 1920s.

  Touring car · 1919–1924

• Vinot-Deguingand Type BP

  The 1,847 cc overhead-valve four-cylinder that became Vinot-Deguingand's final production car and entered the inaugural 1923 Le Mans 24 Hours, finishing 26th overall.

  Touring car · 1921–1926

• Volkswagen Golf

  Volkswagen's defining hatchback and the originator of the hot-hatch GTI — sold early in the US as the 'Rabbit'.

  Compact car · 1974–present

  53 model years

• Volkswagen Beetle (classic)

  The original air-cooled, rear-engined people's car — one of the most-produced cars in history.

  Economy car · 1938–2003

• Volkswagen Karmann Ghia

  A stylish Italian-designed, German-built coupe and convertible on the humble Beetle's air-cooled platform.

  Sports car · 1955–1974

• Volkswagen Type 2 (Bus / Microbus)

  The original air-cooled VW Bus — the 'Splitscreen' and 'Bay Window' Microbus icons.

  Van · 1950–1979

• Volkswagen Type 3

  A roomier air-cooled VW sold in the US as the Squareback wagon, Fastback, and Notchback.

  Compact car · 1961–1973

• Volkswagen New Beetle / Beetle (retro)

  The retro, front-engined revival — a Golf-based homage to the air-cooled original.

  Compact car · 1998–2019

• Volkswagen Jetta

  The Golf's three-box sedan sibling — Volkswagen's best-selling US model, with the performance GLI on top.

  Compact car · 1980–present

• Volkswagen Passat

  Volkswagen's mid-size sedan and wagon — from the European-flavored 'Dasher' to a US-built family car.

  Mid-size car · 1974–2022

• Volkswagen CC

  A sleek four-door 'coupe' version of the Passat, styled for a more premium, design-led buyer.

  Mid-size car · 2009–2017

• Volkswagen Arteon

  Volkswagen's flagship four-door 'fastback' — the design-led successor to the CC.

  Mid-size car · 2019–2023

• Volkswagen Phaeton

  Volkswagen's ambitious, technically lavish luxury flagship — a commercial flop in the US.

  Full-size luxury car · 2004–2006

• Volkswagen Scirocco

  A Giugiaro-styled sport coupe on the Golf platform — Volkswagen's water-cooled successor to the Karmann Ghia.

  Sports car · 1975–1988

• Volkswagen Corrado

  A premium Golf-based sport coupe with a supercharged G60 and later the narrow-angle VR6.

  Sports car · 1990–1994

• Volkswagen Eos

  A Golf-based hardtop convertible with an unusual folding roof that also had an integrated sunroof.

  Convertible · 2007–2016

• Volkswagen Tiguan

  Volkswagen's compact crossover — the brand's global best-seller, grown roomier with a third row for the US.

  Compact SUV · 2009–present

• Volkswagen Taos

  Volkswagen's smallest US crossover, slotting beneath the Tiguan as an affordable entry SUV.

  Subcompact SUV · 2022–present

• Volkswagen Atlas

  Volkswagen's three-row family SUV, built in Tennessee specifically for the North American market.

  Mid-size SUV · 2018–present

• Volkswagen Touareg

  Volkswagen's premium body-on-unibody SUV — shared with the Porsche Cayenne, with a V10 TDI option.

  Mid-size SUV · 2004–2017

• Volkswagen Routan

  A rebadged Chrysler minivan sold by Volkswagen in North America to fill a gap in its lineup.

  Minivan · 2009–2014

• Volkswagen ID.4

  Volkswagen's first mainstream US electric vehicle — a compact crossover on the dedicated MEB platform.

  Electric SUV · 2021–present

• Volkswagen ID. Buzz

  An electric, retro-styled revival of the Microbus — a battery-powered homage to the classic VW Bus.

  Electric van · 2025–present

• Voisin C1

  Voisin's founding production car — a 4.0-litre sleeve-valve four-cylinder limousine built in tiny numbers to establish the marque.

  Luxury car · 1919–1921

• Voisin C6 Laboratoire

  The world's first monocoque Grand Prix car — an all-aluminum racing machine built for the 1923 French Grand Prix.

  Racing car · 1923–1923

• Voisin C11

  Voisin's most commercially successful model — the marque's first six-cylinder car, with around 2,200 examples built.

  Luxury car · 1926–1928

• Voisin C14

  A refined evolution of the six-cylinder formula — 1,795 examples built, the C14 bridged the prosperous late 1920s and the harsher Depression years.

  Luxury car · 1928–1932

• Voisin C25 Aérodyne

  One of the most visually radical cars of the Art Deco era — a fastback four-seater with a sliding sunroof, only six Aérodyne bodies built.

  Luxury car · 1934–1935

• Voisin C28

  The last true Voisin to reach meaningful production — a 3.3-litre car with fully integrated fender bodywork that foreshadowed post-war design.

  Luxury car · 1935–1938

• Voisin C30

  The final Voisin model — a handful of cars built as the company closed, representing the end of Gabriel Voisin's automotive career.

  Luxury car · 1938–1939

• Volga GAZ-21

  The car that launched the Volga name — a 1950s Soviet luxury sedan that won a Grand Prize at the 1958 Brussels World's Fair.

  Executive car · 1956–1970

• Volga GAZ-24

  The near-immortal Soviet executive sedan — full-scale production started July 1970, with taxi odometers regularly exceeding 1,000,000 km.

  Executive car · 1970–1992

• Volga GAZ-3102

  An exclusively government-issue Volga (initially KGB-only) that retained its prestige-symbol status from 1982 right through the post-Soviet decades.

  Executive car · 1982–2009

• Volga GAZ-3110

  A modernized Volga with restyled body panels over the classic GAZ-24 shell — the post-Soviet update that kept the marque viable after the 1998 ruble crisis.

  Executive car · 1997–2004

• Volga GAZ-31105

  The final evolution of the classic Volga sedan — a second-stage update of the GAZ-3110 that added a Chrysler engine option before the marque pivoted to the Siber.

  Executive car · 2004–2009

• Volga Volga Siber

  The last Volga ever built — a Russian-assembled Chrysler Sebring under license, discontinued after just ~9,000 units when the 2008 financial crisis killed demand.

  Mid-size car · 2008–2010

• Volvo PV444/544

  Volvo's first volume success — a streamlined, unibody two-door sedan that cemented the brand in Sweden and launched its US export story.

  Compact car · 1947–1965

• Volvo Amazon (120 Series)

  The elegant Amazon — Volvo's first three-box family car, notable as one of the first production cars with standard front seatbelts.

  Mid-size car · 1956–1970

• Volvo P1800

  Volvo's iconic Italian-styled sports coupe — made famous by The Saint TV series and one of the highest-mileage production cars ever driven.

  Sports car · 1961–1973

• Volvo 140 Series

  The boxy, safety-focused 140 became Volvo's first million-seller and established the rectilinear design language the brand would ride for decades.

  Mid-size car · 1966–1974

• Volvo 240 Series

  The indestructible brick — Volvo's longest-running nameplate and a global safety icon, produced for nearly two decades with over 2.8 million built.

  Mid-size car · 1974–1993

• Volvo 850

  The front-wheel-drive, five-cylinder 850 was Volvo's most significant engineering pivot — and its turbocharged T-5R wagon became an unlikely motorsport icon.

  Compact executive car · 1991–1997

• Volvo S60

  Volvo's sporty compact sedan — three generations from 2000, including a high-performance Polestar variant before Polestar became its own brand.

  Compact executive car · 2000–present

• Volvo S80

  Volvo's flagship sedan across two generations — a sophisticated alternative to the German executive class, discontinued in 2016 when the S90 succeeded it.

  Executive car · 1998–2016

• Volvo S90

  Volvo's current flagship sedan — a dramatically styled, SPA-platform successor to the S80, available as a plug-in hybrid Recharge T8.

  Executive car · 2016–present

• Volvo V70

  Volvo's signature mid-size wagon — three generations from 1996, the direct successor to the beloved 850 estate.

  Wagon · 1996–2016

• Volvo V90 / V90 Cross Country

  Volvo's full-size estate — the flagship wagon on the SPA platform, with a raised Cross Country variant for mild-adventure buyers.

  Wagon · 2016–present

• Volvo C70

  Volvo's stylish coupe and convertible — two generations spanning 1996–2013, from a 850-derived GT coupe to a Pininfarina-built folding-hardtop cabriolet.

  Sports car · 1996–2013

• Volvo C30

  A stylish three-door hatchback with a distinctive glass tailgate — Volvo's premium entry-level car and a nod to the classic 1800ES shooting brake.

  Compact car · 2006–2012

• Volvo XC90

  Volvo's flagship three-row SUV — the car that saved the brand in the early 2000s and now anchors the modern electrified XC lineup.

  Mid-size SUV · 2002–present

• Volvo XC60

  Volvo's compact luxury crossover and its global best-seller — two generations from 2008, with a T8 Recharge plug-in hybrid available since 2018.

  Compact SUV · 2008–present

• Volvo XC40

  Volvo's entry-level luxury crossover — European Car of the Year 2018 and the first Volvo sold as a full battery-electric (XC40 Recharge).

  Subcompact SUV · 2017–present

• Volvo EX30

  Volvo's smallest and most affordable electric car — a compact crossover with the brand's lowest carbon footprint in production.

  Subcompact SUV · 2024–present

• Volvo EX90

  Volvo's all-electric flagship SUV — a seven-seat, SPA2-platform replacement for the XC90, assembled in South Carolina.

  Mid-size SUV · 2024–present

• Wanderer Puppchen

  Wanderer's beloved entry into automobiles — a tiny tandem two-seater so charming it earned the nickname 'little doll', produced 1912–1926.

  Cyclecar · 1912–1926

• Wanderer W11

  Wanderer's first six-cylinder model — a 2.5-litre 50 PS tourer that established the marque in the upper-middle class, 1928–1933.

  Touring car · 1928–1933

• Wanderer W21

  The first Wanderer built under Auto Union — a 1,690 cc six-cylinder middle-class saloon that directly rivalled the Mercedes-Benz 170, 1933–1936.

  Sedan · 1933–1936

• Wanderer W22

  A step above the W21 — a 1,950 cc six-cylinder saloon with Pullman-limousine bodywork available, sharing the W21 platform but with more power, 1933–1938.

  Sedan · 1933–1938

• Wanderer W24

  Wanderer's best-selling model — a 1,767 cc four-cylinder saloon of which around 23,000 were built before wartime halted production, 1937–1940.

  Sedan · 1937–1940

• Wanderer W50

  Wanderer's flagship under Auto Union — a 2,257 cc six-cylinder top-of-range model, 1936–1939.

  Sedan · 1936–1939

• Wartburg 311 / 312

  The founding Wartburg — a multi-body-style compact with a two-stroke three-cylinder engine, built 1956–1967 in Eisenach.

  Compact car · 1956–1967

• Wartburg 353 (Knight)

  Wartburg's longest-running model — a 993 cc two-stroke family car exported as the 'Knight', with over one million built between 1966 and 1988.

  Compact car · 1966–1988

• Wartburg 1.3

  The last Wartburg — a reworked 353 body fitted with a Volkswagen-sourced 1.3-litre four-stroke engine, built October 1988 to April 1991.

  Compact car · 1988–1991

• Wiesmann MF3 Roadster

  Wiesmann's founding roadster — launched in 1993 with a BMW six-cylinder and upgraded to the S54 M3 engine, the car that established the brand's retro-forward identity.

  Roadster · 1993–2013

• Wiesmann GT MF4

  Wiesmann's first GT coupe — debuted at the 2003 IAA with BMW V8 power, later evolving into the sharper MF4-S and the track-focused limited-edition MF4-CS.

  Sports car · 2003–2014

• Wiesmann GT MF5

  Wiesmann's V10 flagship — fewer than 200 total built, including just 43 MF5 Roadsters, making it one of the rarest German sports cars of the era.

  Sports car · 2008–2014

• Wiesmann Project Thunderball

  Wiesmann's all-electric comeback roadster — 671 hp, 0–100 km/h in 2.9 seconds, priced from €300,000, with the first year of production sold out at launch.

  Roadster · 2024–present

• Yugo GV

  The hatchback that put Yugoslavia on the automotive map — and on late-night punchlines — as America's cheapest new car at $3,990 in 1985.

  Subcompact car · 1980–2008

• Yugo GVX

  The sporty top-line Yugo for the US market — 1.3-liter engine, five-speed manual, alloy wheels, ground-effects bodykit, and rally lights.

  Subcompact car · 1987–1992

• Yugo Cabrio

  A factory convertible on the GV platform — electrically operated soft-top, sold in the US from 1988 until Yugo America's 1992 exit.

  Subcompact car · 1988–1992

• Yugo Florida

  A Giugiaro-designed five-door hatchback — Zastava's most modern and ambitious model, sold in Europe as the Yugo/Zastava Florida and in the UK as the Yugo Sana.

  Compact car · 1988–2008

• Zagato Alfa Romeo Giulia TZ

  A tube-framed Alfa Romeo racing coupe with all-aluminium Zagato bodywork — 102 TZ1s and 12 ultra-rare TZ2s built between 1963 and 1967.

  Sports car · 1963–1967

• Zagato Alfa Romeo Junior Zagato

  A compact Ercole Spada-designed fastback coupe on the Giulia chassis — 1,510 examples built across 1300 and 1600 variants from 1969 to 1975.

  Sports car · 1969–1975

• Zagato Alfa Romeo SZ / RZ

  The provocative 'Il Mostro' coupe (1989–1991) and its RZ roadster sibling (1992–1994) — over 1,300 cars assembled at Zagato for Alfa Romeo.

  Sports car · 1989–1994

• Zagato Aston Martin DB4 GT Zagato

  Nineteen hand-built aluminium-bodied racing GT coupes — the most celebrated Aston Martin-Zagato collaboration and among the most valuable British cars ever made.

  Sports car · 1960–1963

• Zagato Aston Martin V8 Vantage Zagato

  Fifty-two hand-built Zagato-bodied V8 coupes that revived the Aston-Zagato partnership at the 1986 Geneva Motor Show.

  Sports car · 1986–1989

• Zagato Aston Martin Vanquish Zagato

  A 325-car Zagato-bodied Vanquish S family — coupe, Volante, Shooting Brake, and Speedster — unveiled from 2016 to 2017.

  Grand tourer · 2016–2018

• Zagato Lancia Fulvia Sport Zagato

  A 7,102-unit Zagato-built fastback on the Fulvia Coupé floorpan — first in aluminium, then in steel — the most produced Zagato-bodied series of the classic era.

  Sports car · 1965–1972

• Zagato Zagato Zele

  An electric city microcar presented at the 1972 Geneva Motor Show — Zagato's unlikely foray into urban zero-emission transport, sold in Europe and North America.

  Microcar · 1974–1991

• Zagato Zagato Maserati Mostro

  A five-car homage to the original 1957 Maserati 450S 'Mostro' racing coupe, revealed at Villa d'Este 2015 to mark Maserati's centenary.

  Sports car · 2015–2022

• Zastava Zastava 750 (Fića)

  Yugoslavia's 'people's car' — a Fiat 600-based rear-engined city car built for 30 years and beloved as the Fića.

  City car · 1955–1985

• Zastava Zastava 1300 / 1500

  Zastava's upmarket Fiat 1300/1500-based rear-drive sedan — nicknamed the 'Yugoslav Mercedes' for its perceived quality.

  Compact car · 1961–1979

• Zastava Zastava 101 / Skala

  A Fiat 128-derived hatchback that preceded the VW Golf by three years and sold over 1.2 million units across four decades.

  Compact car · 1971–2008

• Zastava Zastava Koral (Yugo GV)

  The Yugo GV — sold in the USA from 1985 at $3,990, the cheapest new car in America and a pop-culture byword for cheap motoring.

  Subcompact car · 1980–2008

• Zastava Zastava Florida (Yugo Sana)

  A Giugiaro-designed five-door hatchback that was Zastava's most modern car — the Florida survived to the factory's final closure in 2008.

  Compact car · 1988–2008

• Zastava Zastava 10

  Zastava's final new model — a licensed Fiat Punto Mk2b built in Kragujevac from 2006 to 2008, with only 4,224 sold before the factory closed.

  Subcompact car · 2006–2008

• ZAZ Zaporozhets

  The Soviet Union's 'people's car' — a rear-engine, air-cooled microcar produced in Zaporizhzhia for 34 years across five major variants.

  Microcar · 1960–1994

• ZAZ Tavria (ZAZ-1102)

  ZAZ's modern successor to the Zaporozhets — a front-drive three-door hatchback that broke with 27 years of rear-engine tradition.

  Subcompact car · 1987–2007

• ZAZ Slavuta (ZAZ-1103)

  A longer five-door liftback developed from the Tavria platform, offering more passenger and luggage space for Ukrainian family buyers.

  Subcompact car · 1999–2011

• ZAZ Lanos

  ZAZ's longest-running modern model — a Daewoo Lanos assembled in Zaporizhzhia from 1998, evolving into a fully domestically produced car by 2004.

  Compact car · 1998–2017

• ZAZ Sens

  ZAZ's entry-level localised derivative of the Daewoo Lanos platform, fitted with the domestic 1.3-litre MeMZ-307 engine.

  Compact car · 2002–2011

• ZAZ Forza

  A licensed Chery A13 assembled in Zaporizhzhia — ZAZ's attempt to offer a slightly larger and more modern compact sedan from a Chinese-sourced platform.

  Compact car · 2011–2014

• ZAZ Vida

  A rebadged Chevrolet Aveo T250 assembled by ZAZ — a GM-derived subcompact that was ZAZ's most refined modern offering before production halted.

  Subcompact car · 2012–2018

• Zenvo ST1

  Zenvo's debut hypercar — a 1,104-hp twin-charged V8 coupe limited to 15 units, and made infamous by a Top Gear fire.

  Sports car · 2009–2016

• Zenvo TS1 GT

  The refined successor to the ST1 — a 1,104-hp grand-tourer coupe launched at Geneva 2016, capped at five units per year.

  Sports car · 2016–2019

• Zenvo TSR-S

  The road-legal evolution of the track-only TSR — a 1,177-hp centripetal-winged hypercar that tilts its rear wing into corners to add downforce where it is needed most.

  Sports car · 2018–2025

• Zenvo Aurora

  Zenvo's next-generation V12 hybrid hypercar — unveiled in 2023 in Agil (track) and Tur (road) forms, with up to 1,850 hp and 100 units planned.

  Sports car · 2026–present

• ZIL ZIS-101

  The first Soviet luxury limousine — a Buick-derived flagship for Stalin's Politburo, built 1936–1941.

  Limousine · 1936–1941

• ZIL ZIS-110

  A post-war Packard-inspired limousine — Stalin's primary state car, 2,089 units built 1945–1958.

  Limousine · 1945–1958

• ZIL ZIL-111

  The first post-war purpose-designed Soviet limousine — a Packard/Cadillac-era flagship, about 112 built 1958–1967.

  Limousine · 1958–1967

• ZIL ZIL-114

  Brezhnev's personal flagship — a hand-built 7.0-liter V8 limousine, roughly 113–150 examples produced 1967–1978.

  Limousine · 1967–1978

• ZIL ZIL-4104 series

  The final Soviet state limousine dynasty — a 7.7-liter V8 behemoth built under KGB secrecy, produced 1978–2002 across three sub-variants.

  Limousine · 1978–2002

• ZIL ZIL-4112R

  ZIL's last gasp — a single prototype six-door limousine presented to the Russian government in 2012, built over six years but never ordered.

  Limousine · 2012–2012